FOB 1 carbohydrates

• 4 macromolecules that make up the body are

  proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
• monomers of the 4 major macromolecules are

  monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids/glycerol and nucleotides
• what are prokaryotes


  a single-celled organism, with no nuclear membrane, one single circular DNA molecule in cytoplasm. approx 1 micrometre in length. has an outer cell wall. no membrane-bound organelles
• what is a eukaryote

  a cell with a nucleus and multiple linear DNA molecules (chromosomes). contains membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes and lysosomes. approx 50 micrometers long
• what is the mitochondria?

  an organelle that produces energy
• what is the endoplasmic reticulum

  produces protein (rough) and lipids (smooth). rough is when ribosomes are attached
• what is the Golgi apparatus


  an organelle that packages proteins
• what are peroxisomes and lysosomes

  membranes containing enzymes that break down fatty acids (P) and cellular debris (L)
• degrees of angles in a tetrahedral arrangement

  109.5 degrees
• what is electrostatic attraction

  an intramolecular force based on polarity that occurs due to uneven sharing of electrons
• amphipathic meaning

  molecules with both polar and non polar groups
• ionic interactions


  when ions repel and attract each other due to their charges
• hydrophobic interacitons

  when hydrophobic molecules in an aqueous environment fold in on themselves and clump together to reduce the water molecules they interact with by reducing their surface area
• prefixes for carbohydrates

  mono 1, di 2, tri 3, oligo 2-20, poly 20+
• what is a carbohyrate

  a carbohydrate is a compound with 3 or more carbon atoms which has carbonyl functional group and two or more hydroxyl groups
• carbohydrate empirical formula

  Cn(H2O)n .
• functions of carbohydrates

  structural, energy storage and production, extenders of protein and lipid function
• structural carbohydrates functions

  fiboruos character of cellulose, formation of nucleic acid backbone, integral component of coenzyme (ATP)
• energy storage and production from carbohydrates

  starch and glycogen are stored forms of energy in plants and animals
• extenders of protein and lipid function

  carbohydrates confer additional properties on proteins and lipids. when combined with proteins carbs increase water water-binding capacity of proteins, while acting as receptor molecules on lipid membranes. ABO blood system based on carbohydrate attached to cell membrane
• monosaccharide naming

  aldhyde or keytone called aldo and keto suffix respectivley, number of carbons (tri, tet, pent) suffix and end with "ose". D or L isomers and cyclic a or b
• enantiomer meaning

  a pair of stereoisomers representing a chrial molecule and its non-superimposable mirror image
• diastereoisomers


  a pair of stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
• epimers


  diastereoisomers that differ in configuration at only one of their chiral carbon atoms
• formation of cyclic monosaccharide

  last chiral carbon starts a nucleophilic attack creating a new covalent bond by giving its H to break the carbonyl bond into a hydroxyl functional group. forms a hemiacetal or hemiketal which contains a new anomeric carbon (a and b)
• glycosidic bond


  forms between a hemiacetal or hemiketal on one monomer and an alcohol group in another. this is a hydrolysis reaction and creates an O-glycodsic bond forming an acetal or aketal group and a disaccharide. please include numbers of carbons involved
• polysaccharides types

  homopolysaccharides - contain one type of monosaccharide. heteropolysaccharides - contain more than one type of monosaccharide. can be branched an unbranched
• a bond shapes

  alpha coil/ curl
• b bond shapes

  long rigid straight chains, hard to break down
• amylopectin + glycogen branching

  branched polysaccharide consisting of glucose. branches every 24-30 residues by using 1-6 linkages. glycogen also has a 1-4 linkages and every 8-12 residues is a branch a 1-6 linkage. this makes it harder to pack together but easier to break off parts of the molecule for energy
• anomer

  a type of epimer that occurs in carbohydrates, the carbon that determines if a saccharide is a or b configuration.