Finkelstein reach

• Finkelstein Reaction:

  • Alkyl iodides are prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides or alkyl bromides with NaI in dry acetone
  • Known as Finkelstein reaction
• Swartz Reaction:

  • Alkyl fluorides are synthesized by heating alkyl chlorides or alkyl bromides in the presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF, HgF2, CaF2, or SbF3
  • Known as Swartz reaction
• Sandmeyer's Reaction:

  • Aromatic primary amine, dissolved in cold aqueous mineral acid, when treated with sodium nitrite, forms a diazonium salt
  • Known as Sandmeyer's reaction
• Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions [SN Reactions]:

  • Reaction where an atom or group of a molecule is replaced by a nucleophile
  • Nucleophile reacts with a haloalkane with a partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen
  • Halogen atom (leaving group) departs as a halide ion
• Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular [SN1 Reactions]:

  • Rate depends only on the concentration of the substrate and is independent of the concentration of the nucleophile
  • Carried out in polar protic solvents like water, alcohol, acetic acid
  • Follows first order kinetics
• Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular SN2 Reactions:

  • Rate depends on both the concentrations of the substrate and the nucleophile
  • Hydrolysis of a primary alkyl halide
• Markovnikov's Rule:

  • Negative part of the addendum gets attached to the carbon atom with fewer hydrogen atoms
• Anti Markovnikov's Addition/Peroxide Effect/Kharasch Effect:

  • In the presence of peroxides, addition of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes like propene occurs contrary to Markovnikov's rule
  • Negative part of the addendum gets attached to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms
  • Known as Kharasch Effect or Anti Markovnikov's Rule
• Beta Elimination:

  • Haloalkane with β hydrogen atom heated with alcoholic solution of KOH undergoes elimination of hydrogen atom from the β carbon and a halogen atom from the α carbon
  • Forms an alkene as a product
• Saytzeff Rule:

  • In dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is the alkene with more alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms
• Wurtz Reaction:

  • Alkyl halide reacts with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbons with double the number of carbon atoms present in the halide
• Wurtz Fittig Reaction:

  • Mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide treated with sodium in dry ether gives an alkyl arene
• Fittig Reaction:

  • Aryl halides heated with sodium in dry ether join two aryl groups to form diphenyl
• Esterification:

  • Alcohols react with organic acids in the presence of Conc. H2SO4 or dry HCl to form esters
• Acidic Dehydration:

  • Alcohols heated with Conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4 at 443 K dehydrate to form alkenes
• Lucas Test:

  • Alcohol heated with a mixture of conc. HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2 known as Lucas Reagent converts alcohol to an alkyl halide
  • Turbidity indicates formation of alkyl halide
• Fries Rearrangement:

  • Phenyl acetate undergoes rearrangement when heated with anhydrous AlCl3, acyl group migrates to ortho and para positions to form ortho and para ketones
• Schotten Baumann Reaction:

  • Phenol reacts with benzoyl chloride in the presence of aqueous NaOH to form phenyl benzoate
• Kolbes Reaction:

  • Phenol reacts with CO2 at about 400K under pressure to form salicylic acid
• Reimer Tiemann Reaction:

  • Phenol treated with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide at 340K introduces a CHO group at ortho position to form ortho Hydroxybenzaldehyde or Salicylaldehyde
• Coupling Reaction:

  • Phenol combines with benzene diazonium chloride in alkaline medium to form azo dye
  • Benzene diazonium chloride couples with aniline in slightly acidic solution to give p-aminoazobenzene
• Williamsons Ether Synthesis:

  • Alkyl halide treated with sodium alkoxide or sodium phenoxide gives ethers
• Rosenmund Reduction:

  • Acid chlorides reduced by hydrogen in the presence of Palladium catalyst supported on BaSO4 gives aldehydes
  • Known as Rosenmund reduction
• Stephen Reaction:

  • Nitriles reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride in the presence of HCl, which on hydrolysis gives corresponding aldehyde
  • Known as Stephen reaction
• Etard Reaction:

  • Strong oxidising agents oxidize toluene
• Stephen reaction:

  • Chloride in the presence of HCl on hydrolysis gives the corresponding aldehyde
• Etard reaction:

  • Strong oxidising agents oxidize toluene and its derivatives to benzoic acids
  • Chromyl chloride oxidizes the methyl group to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis gives the corresponding benzaldehyde
• Gattermann Koch reaction:

  • Benzene or its derivative treated with CO and HCl in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 or CuCl gives benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde
• Friedel Crafts Acylation reaction:

  • Benzene or substituted benzene treated with acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 gives the corresponding ketone
• Clemmensen reduction:

  • Aldehydes and ketones on reduction with zinc amalgam and conc. HCl give corresponding hydrocarbons
• Wolf Kishner reduction:

  • Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to the corresponding hydrocarbons by treating with hydrazine followed by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in a high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol
• Tollens' test:

  • Aldehyde on warming with freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution produces a bright silver mirror due to the formation of silver metal
  • Aldehydes are oxidized to the corresponding carboxylate anion
• Fehling's test:

  • Aldehydes on heating with Fehling's solution yield a reddish-brown precipitate
  • Aldehydes are oxidized to the corresponding carboxylate anion
  • Aromatic aldehydes do not respond to this test
• Haloform reaction:

  • Aldehydes and ketones with at least one methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom are oxidized by sodium hypohalite to sodium salts of corresponding carboxylic acids having one carbon atom less than the carbonyl compound
  • The methyl group is converted to Haloform
• Aldol condensation:

  • Aldehydes and ketones with at least one α-hydrogen atom undergo condensation in the presence of dilute alkali as a catalyst to form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol)
  • Crossed Aldol condensation is when aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes or ketones
• Cannizzaro reaction:

  • In the presence of a base, aldehydes without an α-hydrogen atom undergo self-oxidation and reduction reaction to produce salt of carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• Esterification:

  • Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of conc. H2SO4 or dry HCl to form esters
• Decarboxylation:

  • Carboxylic acids lose carbon dioxide to form hydrocarbons when their sodium salts are heated with sodalime (NaOH and CaO in the ratio of 3:1)
• Kolbe electrolysis:

  • Alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation on electrolysis of their aqueous solutions to form hydrocarbons having twice the number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl group of the acid
• Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction:

  • Carboxylic acids with α-hydrogen atoms when treated with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a small amount of red phosphorus give α-chloro or α-bromo carboxylic acids