Infection and response

• What are Pathogens?

  MICROORGANISMS that cause infectious disease
• What are the different types of Pathogens?

  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Protists
  • Fungi
• What are the different methods of transmission?

  • direct contact
  • water
  • air
• What are Communicable Diseases?

  Diseases that can be spread from person to person. Spread by pathogens
• What is an example of communicable diseases?

  Measles
• What is Non-communicable diseases?

  Diseases that cannot be passed from person to person
• What is an example of a Non-communicable disease?

  Coronary heart disease
• What is the definition of Health?

  The state of physical and mental well-being
• What are some causes of Non-communicable diseases?

  • Poor diet
  • High levels of stress
  • Working with harmful chemicals
  • life situations
• What do bacteria and virus do inside the body?

  Reproduce rapidly inside the body
• What can bacteria cause?

  produce toxins that may damage cells
• What are some examples of Viral Diseases?

  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Tabacco Mosaic Virus
• What are the symptons of Measles?

  • Fever
  • Red Rash
• How is Measles spread?

  inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Flu like illness
• How is HIV transferred?

  Sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids
• What is Tabacco Mosaic Virus?

  a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants
• What are the symptoms of TMV?

  a mosaic pattern of discoloration on the leaves
• How does TMV affect plants?

  Stunts growth due to lack of photosynthesis
• What are some examples of Bacterial diseases?

  • Salmonella
  • Gonorrhea
• How is Salmonella spread?

  Bacteria ingested in food, or food prepared in unhygienic conditions
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

  Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

  Thick, yellow or green discharge from the vagina, penis, or pain when urinating
• What is Gonorrhea?

  Sexually Transmitted disease
• What is an example of a Fungal disease?

  Rose Black Spot
• What is Rose Black Spot?

  purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. This reduces the growth as photosynthesis reduces
• How is Rose Black Spot spread?

  water and wind
• How can Rose Black spot treated?

  fungicides or removing the affected leaves
• What is an example of a Protist disease?

  Malaria
• What are the symptoms of Malaria?

  recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal
• What are examples of non-specific defense systems?

  • Skin
  • Nose
  • Trachea and bronchi (mucus)
  • stomach (acid)
• What is the job of the non-specific defence systems?

  To prevent pathogens from entering the human body
• How does the SKIN protect the human body?

  It forms a protective layer consisting of dead cells, making it difficult for pathogens to penetrate. The skin also produces an oily substance called Sebum, which can kill bacteria. If any cuts, scabs form on the skin
• How does the NOSE protect the human body?

  The hairs trap pathogens before they enter the human body
• How do the LUNGS protect the human body?

  The trachea and bronchi are covered with tiny hairs called cilia. The cilia are covered in mucus which traps pathogens
• How does the STOMACH protect the human body?

  The stomach contains hydrochloric acid, which kills any pathogens present in food
• How can white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?

  • phagocytosis
  • antibody production
  • antitoxin production
• How does the immune system defend against pathogens?

  Destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce
• What is Phagocytosis?

  White blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens.

  WBC detects chemicals released from pathogens and moves towards it. The WBC engulfs the pathogens, using enzymes to destroy the pathogens
• What are antobodies?

  Protein molecules produced by white blood cells