Photosynthesis

• Management Theories:

  • Classical theory
  • Neo-classical theory
  • Management Science theory
• Classical Theory:

  • Oldest and widely accepted viewpoint in management
  • Emphasizes "one best way"
  • Includes Bureaucratic Management, Scientific Management, Administrative Management
• Bureaucratic Management:

  • Exercise of control based on knowledge
  • Focuses on rules, hierarchies, division of labor, and procedures for efficiency
  • Attributes of bureaucracy: rules, impersonality, division of labor, hierarchical structure, authority structure (traditional, charismatic, rational-legal), commitment, rationality
• Scientific Management:

  • Analyzes work flows for economic efficiency
  • Popular in the 1880s and 1890s in US industries
  • Emphasizes scientific approach to determine the best way to perform a job
  • Highlights worker training, performance monitoring, and task division between management and labor
  • Stresses understanding workers' personalities and needs
  • Introduces Gantt chart, quota system, and daily bonuses
• Administrative Management:

  • 14 Principles of Management including division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to common interest, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure, esprit de corps, initiative
• Neo-classical Theory:

  • Behavioral science approach focusing on human and social characteristics of employees
  • Advocates for employee care leading to increased profit and easier work environment
• Conflict Management:

  • Domination (win-lose conflict resolution)
  • Compromise (sacrifice for peace)
  • Integrative conflict resolution (considering both parties' preferences for a mutually satisfying solution)
• Management Science Theory:

  • Includes Quantitative Management and Total Quality Management
• Quantitative Management:

  • Involves linear and nonlinear programming, modeling, queuing theory
• Total Quality Management:

  • Focuses on improving the quality of an organization's outputs through continual internal improvement
  • Introduced by Dr. William Edwards Deming