Developmental Psychology Lesson 1-2

• DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - study of the development of the individual from birth to death
• DEVELOPMENT ● Systematic continuities and challenges in the individual throughout life (systematic development kasi based on age like yung pag-upo, pag kain, etc. orderly patterned)
• DEVELOPMENTALISTS ● Study processes of change and stability in all domains, or aspects, of development throughout all periods of the life span.
• MATURATION - the biological unfolding of the individual according to species-typical biological inheritance and a person’s biological inheritance (ex. Nasa genes ng parents yung pagiging athletic kaya yung anak is mabilis ung improvement sa motor skills)
• LEARNING - the process through which our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our feelings, thoughts, and behavio
• DESCRIBE - the first goal is to observe behavior and describe, often in minute detail, what was observed as objectively as possible
• EXPLAIN - while descriptions come from observable data, psychologists must go beyond what is obvious and explain their observations. In other words, why did the subject do what he or she did?
• PREDICT - once we know what happens, and why it happens, we can begin to speculate what will happen in the future.
• CONTROL - once we know what happens, why it happens, and what is likely to happen in the future, we can control it
• IMPROVE - not only do psychologists attempt to control behavior, but they also want to do so in a positive manner, they want to improve a person's life, not make it worse
• NORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT - developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species; typical patterns of development
• IDEOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT - individual variation the rate, extent, or direction of a development
• A CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE PROCESS - this means that the process happens over time, it is slow and steady, not overnight
• PLASTICITY - refers to a capacity to change in response to positive or negative life experiences
• HISTORICAL/CULTURAL CONTEXT - no single portrait of development is accurate for all cultures, social classes, or racial and ethnic groups
• THE NATURE/NURTURE THEME - development is also influenced by societal changes: historical events such as wars, technological breakthrough such as the development of the internet, and societal causes such as the gay and lesbian rights movement
• NATURE - biological predispositions
• NURTURE - environmental influences
• THE ACTIVE/PASSIVE THEME - goes beyond considering the child’s conscious choices
• ACTIVE - active contributors to their own development
• PASSIVE - hindi involve yung sarili and walang effort, passive recipients of environmental influence
• CONTINUITY - theorists who view human development as an additive process that occurs gradually and continuously, without sudden changes
• DISCONTINUITY - theorists describe the road to maturity as a series of abrupt changes each of which elevates the child to a new and presumably more advanced level of functioning
• THE HOLISTIC NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT THEME - all areas of development are interdependent and one cannot truly understand development change in one area without at least a passing knowledge of what is happening developmentally in other areas of the child’s life
• THEORIES ● Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.
• PSYCHOANALYTIC - focuses on unconscious emotions and drives
• LEARNING - studies observable behavior
• COGNITIVE - analyzes thought and process
• CONTEXTUAL - emphasizes the historical, social, and cultural context
• EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOBIOLOGICAL - considers evolutionary and biological underpinnings of behavior
• Sigmund Freud was a Viennese physician who had a profound effect on the field of psychology
• Freud proposed that human were born with a series of innate, biologically based drives
• ID - newborns are governed by the id, which operates under the pleasure principle–the drive to seek immediate satisfaction of their needs and desires.
• EGO - represents reason, develops gradually during the first year or so of life, and operates under the reality principle
• SUPEREGO - includes the conscience and incorporates socially approved “shoulds” and “should nots” into the child’s value system.
• SIGMUND FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ● Freud proposed that personality forms through unconscious childhood conflicts between the inborn urges of the id and the requirements of civilized life
• ORAL STAGE (Birth to 12-18 months) - babies seek oral satisfaction like eating and thumb-sucking
• ANAL (12-18 months to 3 years) - child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces. The zone of gratification is the anal region, and toilet training is an important activity.
• PHALLIC (3 to 6 years) - the child becomes attached to a parent of the other sex and later identifies with a same-sex parent.
• OEDIPUS COMPLEX - son’s sexual attitude towards his mothe