Cell structure

• What are humans made up of?

  Cells
• What are organelles?

  Structurally and functionally distinct parts of the cell
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  • Contains genetic information (DNA)
  • Controls/regulates metabolic activity of the cell
• What is the structure of the nucleolus?

  Dense region inside the nucleus
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  Site of ribosome and RNA production
• What is the structure of a mitochondrion?

  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane folded into cristae
  • Fluid-filled matrix
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Carries out aerobic respiration to provide ATP
• What is the structure of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  • Network of membrane-bound flattened sacs called cisternae
  • Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface
• What is the function of rough ER?

  Synthesizes and transports proteins
• What is the function of smooth ER?


  Synthesizes and transports carbohydrates and lipids
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Layers of membrane-bound cisternae
  • Uses vesicles for transport
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? modifies and packages proteins into vesicle,
• What are vesicles?

  • Small spheres of phospholipid bilayer
  • Transport materials in a cell
• What is the function of secretory vesicles?

  Transport substances out of the cell via exocytosis
• What is the structure of lysosomes?

  • Sphere of phospholipid
  • Contains low pH and hydrolytic enzymes
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Destroy damaged organelles and bacteria
• What are 80S ribosomes made of?

  Two subunits of protein and rRNA
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What is the structure of centrosomes?

  • Small tubes made of protein fibers
  • Forms the spindle during cell division
• What is the structure of the cell membrane?

  • Bilayer of phospholipids
  • Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Separates cell contents from the outside
• What is the resolution limit of the best light microscopes?

  Can view organelles the size of mitochondria
• What is the Fluid Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane?

  • Membranes made from phospholipids
  • Fluid: parts can move freely
  • Mosaic: appearance of proteins within bilayer
• What do phospholipids form in water?

  • A bilayer
  • Hydrophilic heads outside, hydrophobic tails inside
• What is the role of cholesterol in the membrane?

  Provides rigidity to the membrane
• What are carbohydrate chains and glycoproteins used for?

  Cell signaling and identification
• What is the formula for magnification?

  • Magnification = image size / real size