Covalent bonding

• What do atoms form by sharing electrons?

  Covalent bonds
• Why do atoms transfer electrons in ionic bonds?

  To achieve a full outer shell
• What happens when two chlorine atoms interact?

  They share electrons to fill their shells
• How do dot and cross diagrams represent covalent bonds?

  By using dots for one atom and crosses for another
• What is a displayed formula in chemistry?

  A representation using chemical symbols and lines
• What is a disadvantage of displayed formulas?

  They do not show the 3D shape of molecules
• What is the molecular formula for ammonia?

  NH₃
• How many electrons can hydrogen's first energy level hold?

  Two electrons
• How does nitrogen achieve a full outer shell in ammonia?

  By sharing three electrons with three hydrogens
• What are simple molecular substances?

  Small molecules with strong covalent bonds
• What are the intermolecular forces like in simple molecular substances?

  Weak and easily broken
• What is the chemical formula for water?

  H₂O
• What is the chemical formula for methane?

  CH₄
• What are polymers made of?

  Repeating units called monomers
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Large structures with billions of atoms
• Why are giant covalent structures strong?

  All atoms are joined by covalent bonds
• What is the purpose of a 3D model in chemistry?

  To show the arrangement of atoms in space
• What is the main focus of the video discussed?

  How atoms form covalent bonds