Flu Study Guide

• What are some possible targets for a universal vaccine?

  A section of the flu that doesn't change from strain to strain, one that presents a more consistent target
• What are antivirals, and how do they differ from vaccines?

  Antivirals treat a virus that has already infected your body delaying the infection process, vaccines stop a virus from invading your body by giving protection
• What is the purpose of a vaccine? What does it do to the immune system?

  Vaccines are there to help fight infections.

  They help the immune system fight infections faster and more effectively
• What is a secondary immune response?

  It's quick and efficient, it can eliminate the antigen
• What is a primary immune response?

  slow and weak, it's the first response to an infection
• What is the role of memory B and T cells?

  help the immune system respond more quickly to future invasions by the same agent
• What is the role of B cells?

  Produce antigens
• What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

  Cytotoxic t cells kill the infected cells
• What is the role of helper T cells?

  Recognize antigen-presenting cells (initiate the immune response)
• What cells are part of the adaptive immune system?

  T cell, B cell, helper T cell, cytotoxic T cell
• What structures are part of the adaptive immune system?

  T lymphocytes in the tissue between the body's cells. B lymphocytes, also found in the tissue between the body's cells.
• What are antigen-presenting cells?

  They engulf foreign pathogens, process it in the cell, and then present antigen on their surface
• What cells are part of the innate immune system?

  Neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, eosinophil and natural killer cells
• What structures are part of the innate immune system?

  Barriers to entry, protective proteins, phagocytes and natural killer cells, inflammatory response
• What structures on a virus are most influenced by drift and shift, allowing them to evade the immune system?

  HA and NA, changes in the surface proteins of a virus
• What has to be true about a virus' genetic material for antigenic shift to occur?

  There is a genetic exchange with an avian or animal virus
• What is antigenic shift?

  It is a sudden change in a virus and is most likely to cause a pandemic
• What is antigenic drift

  It is a slow change in a virus over time
• Why do mutations matter?

  Allow variation to happen and enable evolutionary change
• What is DNA made of?

  Nucleotides : guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine
• What must be true for natural selection to occur? (the numbered list from the video).

  1.Variation

  2 Heritable

  3 Struggle/competition

  4. Increased trait
• What is the basic idea of natural selection? Give an example.

  Natural selection is the mechanism of change/evolution. Giraffes with different-sized necks, only the ones with long necks will survive because they are the only ones that can reach the tall tree leaves.
• When does a mutation change a protein?

  When either insertion or deletion of a base happens
• What is a mutation?

  It is a change in the DNA sequence
• Are viruses found in the tree of life?

  No, they technically don't have cells or a few characteristics of life
• What are the three domains of life and what organisms are in them?

  Bacteria - single celled and have no nucleus

  Archaea - single celled and no nucleus

  Eukaryotes - single or multicellular
• How long have humans been on Earth?

  200 to 300 thousand years
• How long has life been on Earth?

  More than 3 billion years
• How do we arrange the diversity of life on Earth?

  By classification through the tree of life
• Why do vaccines contain things like formaldehyde and aluminum?

  To inactivate toxins and enhance the ability to detect the virus.
• Explain how your immune system's response to the viral infection makes you feel sick.

  Digestive - loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting

  Muscular - joint and muscle aches

  Nervous - headache, fever

  Integumentary - chills
• Explain how the flu virus replicating in your cells makes you feel sick. (symptoms caused by the virus itself)

  As the infection progresses, the immune system sends a host of cells to the respiratory system. Chemical signals increase blood flow to these tissues. Combined, this causes tissues to swell and inflammation to increase. As a result, large amounts of mucus are produced, which causes the congestion and cough associated with the flu.
• List the 5 characteristics of life and explain why you think viruses have each characteristic or not.

  1. Process energy and materials, no bc they rely on a host

  2. Maintain internal environment, no bc they cannot maintain a constant environment

  3. Reproduce, no bc they require a host to reproduce

  4. Respont to stimuli from the environment, yes bc they can interact with limited environment stimuli

  5. Adapt to change, yes bc they can mutate
• What kind of genetic material can a virus have?

  DNA or RNA
• How does a virus reproduce in a host cell? Include steps from attachment to release.

  1. Attachment, in which a virus particle encounters the host cell and attaches to the cell surface.

  2. Penetration, in which a virus particle reaches the cytoplasm.

  3. Biosynthesis, viral components are synthesized

  4. Maturation, viral components are assembled.

  6. Release, new virus leaves host