the cabal

• What was one of the main problems with the Cabal?

  No coordinated policy
• Why did the Cabal struggle to coordinate their ideas?

  Diverse outlooks and limited government involvement
• Who had very limited involvement in the government?

  Charles II
• What was lost when the Earl of Clarendon was removed?

  Business-like approach to government
• Which two members of the Cabal worked closely together?

  Clifford and Ashley
• Where was Lauderdale based during the Cabal's operations?

  Scotland
• What was the relationship between Arlington and Buckingham?

  They hated each other
• How did Charles II use the differences among his ministers?

  Played them off against each other
• What did all members of the Cabal depend on for their success?

  The favour of the king
• What was Charles II's main goal regarding his authority?

  To maintain his own authority
• What were the general aims of the Cabal?

  Extend religious toleration and forge alliance with France
• What viewpoints developed due to the influence of the Cabal?

  ‘Court’ and ‘country’ viewpoints
• What were the years of the Second and Third Dutch Wars?

  1665-1667 and 1672-1674
• What did MPs believe caused the financial issues during Charles II's reign?

  Crown mismanagement
• What did MPs investigate in 1666?

  Expenditure and public accounts
• How much money did Parliament grant for expenditure checks?

  £1.8 million
• What condition did Parliament set for granting more money to Charles II?

  Tightening the Conventicle Act
• What was the watershed moment for Charles II in 1672?

  Focus on fear of popery and arbitrary government
• What was the Anglo-French attack on the Dutch related to?

  Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)
• What were the main interests of England and France in the Second Anglo-Dutch War?

  Reducing Dutch dominance in trade
• What was the outcome of the Second Anglo-Dutch War?

  Treaty of Breda (1667)
• What territories did England gain from the Treaty of Breda?

  New Amsterdam (later New York)
• What was the Royal Declaration of Indulgence issued in 1672?

  Granted religious tolerance to Catholics and Dissenters
• Who was the Duke of York?

  James II
• Why was the Duke of York's Catholicism a concern?

  England was predominantly Protestant
• What did the Duke of York's public Catholicism contribute to?

  Fears of a return to Catholic rule
• What were the key issues that caused tension between Charles II and the Political Nation?

  • Anglo-French Attack on the Dutch (1667)
  • Royal Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
  • Duke of York being an outward Catholic
• What were the financial challenges faced by Charles II's government?

  • Income dropped from £820,000 (1665) to £647,000 (1667)
  • MPs investigated expenditure due to corruption
  • Parliament granted £1.8 million for expenditure checks
• What were the implications of the Royal Declaration of Indulgence?

  • Granted religious tolerance to Catholics and Dissenters
  • Sparked outrage among the Anglican establishment
  • Seen as a threat to Protestant dominance
• What were the consequences of the Duke of York's Catholicism?

  • Created political tensions in a Protestant nation
  • Contributed to fears of a return to Catholic rule
  • Led to the Glorious Revolution and his deposition in 1688