Attachment

• what are the limitations of Bowlbys study?


  - Failed to recreate:

  Lewis found no association & Gao found AP due to poor care

  - Bowlby claimed damage was inevitable:

  Kolvchova folund it can be prevented with good aftercare
• what are the strengths of Bowlbys study?


  +Levy rat study says deprivation effects social development
• what did Bowlby find?


  14/44 thieves were Affectionless Psychopaths

  12/14 experienced prolonged separation-

  5/30 experience separation

  2/44 Control Group experienced long separation
• How did Bowlby conduct his study?

  interviewed 44 criminal teenagers for signs of AP,

  - lack of affection, guilt, empathy

  interviewed family to see if there was any LT separation

  extra 44 teenagers were interviewed (non criminals) CG
• What was the aim of Bowlbys 44 theieves study?

  to see the link between affectionless psychopaths and maternal deprivation
• what is an affectionless psychopath?


  someone who doesnt feel strong emotions towards others
• what are the consiquences of long term separtion?

  Lower IQ

  Become Affectionless Psychopathy
• what is the maternal deprivation theory?

  idea that for normal development mother needs to always be present - no LT separation.
• when does separation become a issue?

  if child is deprived from emotional care for a long time
• What is separtion?

  child not being with primary figure
• what is a limitation of research in cultural variations?

  - imposed ethics

  - most studies involved where in USA 18/32
• what is a strength of research in cultural variations?

  most research was by indigenous researchers
• Other researchers found the same results what does this mean?

  Cultural practices influence attachment types

  - Jin (Korea)

  - Simonelli (Italy)
• what did Van IJendoorn find?

  Secure attachment was most common

  - western = B,A,C

  - non western = B,C,A

  150%x greater variention within cultures than between
• How did Van IJendoorn conduct his study?

  meta-analyse of 32 studies in different cultures
• What was the aim of Van IJendoorns study?

  investigate differnt types of attachment in cultures
• whats a limitation of ainsworth research?

  - Could be genetic

  - May be different in different cultures (Takahashi = Japan found high levels of separation anxiety in type C)
• whats a strength of ainsworths research?

  + Brick et al agreed on 94% of cases

  + Real world application as can predict behaviours
• what is Type C attachment?

  insecure-resistant attachment

  - High proximity seeking

  - Little exploration/secure base

  - High stranger distress

  - High separation anxiety

  - Resistant when reunited
• what is Type B attachment?

  secure attachment

  - Moderate proximity seeking

  - High exploration/secure base

  - Moderate stranger distress

  - Moderate separation anxiety

  - Accepted when reunited
• what is Type A attachment?

  insecure-avoidant attachment

  - Little proximity seeking

  - High exploration/secure base

  - Little stranger distress

  - Little separation anxiety

  - Aviodence when reunited
• what behaviour does ainsworth test?

  - exploration & secure base

  - stranger distress

  - separation anxiety

  - reunion behaviours
• How did ainsworth conduct his reasearch?

  Placed caregiver, baby in a unfamiliar room.

  Remove/add caregiver & a stranger from the baby.
• what is a limitation of research into roles of father?

  - observer bias

  - according to the theory growing up in a non hetrosexual would make attachments abnormal
• what is a strength of research into roles of fathers?

  + real world application

  + Hrdy found it may be biological
• What did research into primary attachment to fathers find?

  Fathers can have the same emotional role as mothers when primary figures.
• How did they research fathers as primary attachment figure?

  Filmed 4m old babies face-face interactions with:

  - primary mother

  - primary father

  - secondary father
• Who researched Fathers as Primary Attachment Figures?

  Field
• What did research into roles of fathers find?

  - More attachements with Mothers, not Fathers (importance?).

  - Fathers attachment was related to play + simulation
• How did they research roles of fathers?

  (Longitudinal study) looked at both parents behaviours and relationship to see quality of attachment later in life.
• who researched roles of fathers?

  Grossman
• What did research into attachment to fathers find?

  75% of babies form attachment with father by 18months.

  This is shown though separation anxiety.
• who researched attachment to fathers?


  schaffer
• what is a father?

  a childs closest male caregiver
• what a limiation of Schaffers study?

  - Mothers reports could be bias

  - Cannot generalise
• whats a strength of Schaffers study?

  + Longitudinal in natural environment
• what is stage 4 of attachment?

  Multiple attachments
• what is stage 3 of attachment?

  specific attachment
• what is stage 2 of attachment?

  Indiscriminate attachment
• what is stage 1 of attachment?

  Asocial stage