pharma

• Pharmacology is a science that deals with the chemical and physical properties of drugs, their sources, effects, biotransformation and excretion
• Pharmacology involves creating new chemical substances, analyzing the effects of established medicinal compounds, and understanding both the beneficial and harmful effects of drugs
• Branches of Pharmacology:

  • Pharmacokinetics (movement of drug): absorption, distribution, metabolism to excretion
  • Pharmacodynamics (what does drug to the body)
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Pharmacy
  • Pharmacotherapeutics
  • Descriptive
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Posology
  • Toxicology
  • Biochemorphology
  • Developmental
  • Clinical
• Importance of Pharmacology:

  • To help fight disease
  • Improve the effectiveness of existing medicines
  • Reduce unwanted side effects of medicine
  • Understand why individuals differ in the way they respond to certain drugs
  • Prescribe to patients
• Pharmacology plays an important role in Dentistry by understanding how drugs used in dentistry act within various body systems
• Drugs are any chemical substance that affects or modifies the biological system
• Drugs can come from different sources:

  • Plants (e.g., Herbal, Lagundi, Ampalaya)
  • Animals (e.g., Fish oil, Venom)
  • Minerals (e.g., Magnesium, Iron)
  • Drug manufacturing companies
• Drug development process:

  • Drug discovery and development
  • Pre-clinical studies (in vitro to in vivo)
  • Clinical trials (3 phases: testing on healthy individuals, larger groups, and wider demographics)
  • FDA review/approval
  • FDA post-market monitoring
• Drug nomenclature:

  • Chemical name: precise description of chemical constituents
  • Generic name: official name of a drug, non-proprietary
  • Brand name: commercial name given by the company marketing the drug
• Advantages of generic medicine:

  • Avoid bias
  • Less expensive
  • Available elsewhere
• Advantages of using trade name:

  • Prescribe a precise drug
  • Quality assurance
  • Standardization
• Drug reaction types:

  • Therapeutic effect
  • Side effect
  • Adverse effect
  • Toxic effect
• Drug scheduling guide:

  • Drug management by the government to protect public health and safety
  • Importance of dosage forms to ensure accurate dosing, protect patients, ensure optimal drug action, and provide stability to drugs
• Sources of drugs:

  • Synthetic
  • Minerals
  • Microbiological
  • Biosynthetic
  • Natural (from animals and plants)
• Medicine may contain one or more active constituents of drugs together with additives to facilitate administration
• Medicine
• May contain one or more active constituents of drugs together with additives to facilitate administration
• A drug used for therapeutic purposes
• Principles of drug ACTION
• Stimulation
• Depression
• Irritation
• Replacement/Supplement
• Anti-infective agents
• Modification of immune status
• Uses of drugs
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Contraception
• Treatment
• Drug information sources
• Pharmacopeia:

  • Predominance of physicians
  • Official code containing a selected list of established drugs
• Formulary:

  • Predominance of pharmacists
  • Includes information on drugs in the respective countries
• Pharmacodynamics
• Effects of the interaction of the drug with the body
• Refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect
• Receptors are proteins or glycoproteins that bind signaling molecules known as ligands
• Receptor binds to the drug, leading to therapeutic action, adverse reaction, toxic reaction, or side effect
• Amount of drug at the site of action is also known as dosage of the drug or dose
• Site of action can be oral route or parenteral route