Heterolytic fission - both of the shared electrons go to one of the atoms and becomes negatively charged, the other becomes positively charged
Homolytic fission - One of the two shared electrons go to each atom
Steps in radical chain reactions:
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Photodissociation
A chemical bond is broken by photons
Straight chain alkanes have higher boiling points than branched isomers there's more contacts between molecules and opportunities for intermolecular bonds to form.
Permanent dipole
Occurs when two atoms have substantially different electronegativities
Instantaneous dipole
Temporary dipole as the electrons within the molecule are in constant motion
Induced dipole
Occurs if an unpolarised molecule is next to a dipole.
Three kinds of intermolecular bonds
Instantaneous dipole - induced dipole - Weakest
Permanent dipole - induced dipole
Permanent dipole - permanent dipole - strongest
Nucleophile
A molecule or a negatively charged ion with a lonepair of electrons that it can donate to a positively charged atom from a covalent bond.
Overall reaction causing ozone to break down
X + O3 -> XO + O2
XO + O -> X + O2
Overall: O + O3 -> O2 + O2
Hydrogen bonding (exam Q answer)
1.Molecule one contains a smallhydrogen atom made partially positive by being attached to a highlyelectronegative atom
2.Molecuole 2 contains a highly electronegative atom with at least one lonepair which the H atom can get very close to interact with
Hydrogen bonding
Permanent dipole - permanent dipole
Explain the trend in boiling point of the haloalkanes
Increases down the group
Larger atomic radius, larger number of electron shells