Thermal

• When heating a block of ice, its temperature will increase as the particles vibrate faster, gaining kinetic energy
• Once the ice reaches the melting point of 0°C, its temperature will remain constant until it's all melted
• The same constant temperature occurs when reaching 100°C and turning into a gas
• During a change of state, particles gain potential energy instead of kinetic energy
• The specific latent heat (SLH) equation is used to determine how much energy is needed to change the state of 1 kilogram of a substance
• To convert Celsius to Kelvin, add 273 as Kelvin starts at absolute zero where particles have zero kinetic energy
• Boyle's Law states that pressure is inversely proportional to volume at a constant temperature: P1V1 = P2V2
• Charles's Law states that volume and temperature are proportional at a constant pressure: V1/T1 = V2/T2
• The combined gas law states that PV is proportional to T, which can be expressed as PV = nRT
• The kinetic theory of particles explains gas pressure, assuming ideal gas behavior with five key assumptions: random motion, no attraction between particles, negligible particle volume, elastic collisions, and negligible collision duration
• The kinetic energy of one molecule in a gas is equal to 3KT, where K is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature
• Work done on or by a gas can be calculated as PΔV, where P is pressure and V is volume
• The first law of thermodynamics states that heat input (Q) equals change in internal energy (ΔU) plus work done (W): Q = ΔU + W