Eukaryotic cells

• Nucleus

  Acts as control centre through production of mRNA and RNA

  Retains genetic material of cell in form of DNA and chromosomes

  Manufactures ribosomal RNA and ribosones
• Nuclear Pores

  Allows passage for large molecules
• Nuclear envelope

  Double membrane that controls entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus

  Contains reactions taking place within

  Outer membrane is continuous with ER, often has ribosomes on surface
• Nucleolus

  Small spherical region in nucleoplasm

  Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes
• Nucleoplasm

  Granular, jelly-like material

  Makes up most of nucleus
• Mitochondria

  Double membrane controls entry and exit of materials

  Inner membrane folds to form cristae

  Site of aerobic respiration

  Responsible for production of ATP
• Cristae

  Large surface area for attachment of proteins and enzymes needed for respiration
• Matrix

  Rest of mitochondrion

  Contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows production of own proteins

  Enzymes involved in respiration found here
• Ribosomes

  80s - Eukaryotic cells

  70s - Prokaryotic cells

  Site of protein synthesis
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Ribosomes present

  Provides large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

  Provides pathway for transport of materials through cell
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  Lacks ribosomes

  Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates
• Golgi Apparatus

  Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

  Produces secretory enzymes

  Secretes carbohydrates

  Transports, modifies and stores lipids

  Forms lysosomes
• Lysosomes

  Hydrolyses materials ingested by phagocytic cells

  Releases enzymes to outside of the cell in order to destroy material around the cell

  Digest worn out organelles so useful chemicals they are made of can be reused

  Completely break down cells after they’ve died
• Cell-Surface Membrane

  Acts as a differentially permeable layer

  Made of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)

  Controls entry and exit of chemicals in and out of cell
• Cell Wall (Plant)

  Provides mechanical strength to the cell

  Allows water to pass along, contributes to water movement in plants

  Algae - cellulose & glycoproteins

  FUngi - chitin
• Chloroplast (Plant)

  Large surface area for first stage of photosynthesis

  Contains DNA and ribosomes to male proteins for photosynthesis

  Grana - Stacks of disc-like (thylakoids) site of first stage of photosynthesis

  Stroma - fluid filled matrix site for second stage of photosynthesis
• Vacuole (Plant)

  Fluid filled sac bound by single membrane

  Support herbaceous plants making cells turgid

  Sugar and amino acids act as temporary food source

  Pigment colours petals and attracts pollinating insects