Cell biology

• What type of microscope allows us to see subcellular structures in detail?

  Electron microscope
• Microscopes with better resolving power have higher resolution
• Magnification is calculated by dividing image size by object size.
• What are the two main groups of cells?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Keeps contents inside
• Match the subcellular structure with its function:

  Mitochondria ↔️ Respiration

  Ribosomes ↔️ Protein synthesis

  Chloroplasts ↔️ Photosynthesis
• Diploid cells in humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• What is the term for cells with half the number of chromosomes?

  Haploid
• Steps in the process of mitosis

  1️⃣ Genetic material duplicates

  2️⃣ Nucleus breaks down

  3️⃣ Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides

  4️⃣ New nucleus forms

  5️⃣ Two identical cells form
• During mitosis, a new nucleus forms in each of the two identical cells
• What is the term for cells that have not yet specialized?

  Stem cells
• Stem cells in bone marrow can only specialize into blood cells.
• What is the ethical concern regarding stem cell cloning in humans?

  Dystopian man-made horror
• Cloning plants can prevent species from becoming extinct
• What is the process called where molecules move from high to low concentration without energy input?

  Diffusion
• Diffusion requires energy to move molecules across a membrane.

  False
• What is the specific term for the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?

  Osmosis
• In osmosis, water moves out of a cell if there is a higher concentration of glucose outside
• The rate of osmosis increases with a larger concentration difference.
• Why are the villi in the small intestine lumpy?

  Increase surface area
• In the osmosis practical, the point where no mass change occurs indicates the concentration is equal
• What type of protein is used in active transport to move substances across a membrane?

  Carrier protein
• Active transport can move substances against a concentration gradient.