Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

• Estrus is the period when cows are receptive to mating.
• Integument: a tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant
• Integument Consists of:

  skin

  hair

  hooves

  claws

  horns

  feather
• Integument Function

  Physical protection

  Prevention of dehydration

  Body temperature regulation

  Sensory information via cutaneous receptors

  Metabolic actions

  Excretion of wastes
• Skin lasrgest organ of the body
• Skin is made up of three layers:

  Epidermis

  Dermis

  Subcutaneous layer
• Epidermis-the outermost, or most superficial

  layer of skin.

  -Sometimes called the avascular layer.
• Epidermis 5 layers (from inner to outer):

  Stratum basale

  Stratum spinosum

  Stratum granulosum

  Stratum lucidum

  Stratum corneum
• Stratum comeum consists of many layers of keratinized Dead cells that are flattened and nonnucleated; comified
• Stratum lucidum thin clear later found only in the epidermis of the lips, palm and soles.
• Stratum granulosum composed of one or more layer of granular cells fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei
• Stratum spinosum composed of several layers of cell with centrally located, large, oval nuclei, and spinelike processes; limited mitosis
• Stratum basale consist of a single layer of cuboidal cell in contact with a basement membrane that undergo mitosis; contains pigment producing melanocytes
• Dermis - the layer directly deep to the

  epidermis.

  • Also called the corium.
  • Layer where blood vessels start to be found after incision.
• Hypodermis- Located deep to or under the dermis

  • Composed primarily of adipose tissue.
  • There are fewer blood vessels in the fatty layer beneath the skin than the muscle tissue.
• Hypodermis - Having fewer blood vessels means that

  medication injected subcutaneously is

  absorbed more slowly.

  • This makes it an ideal way to administer

  medications that the body must use

  slowly over time.
• Associated Structures of hypodermis

  Glands

  Hair, fur, wool, feathers

  Beaks, bills

  Horns

  Claws, hooves, nails
• Sebaceous glands

  • Furnish an oily secretion for lubricationof the skin.
  • They produce sebum which consists of fatty substance and cell debris.
  • Apart from the palms and soles,

  sebaceous glands are found

  throughout the skin of the body.
• Sweat glands

  • Also called sudoriferous glands.
  • Secrete a watery fluid containing various salts and waste products of metabolism.
• Hidrosis is the production and excretion of sweat.
• Anhidrosis is the abnormal reduction of sweating
• Hyperhidrosis is the excessive sweating.
• Hair - Covers almost the entire surface of the body of most domestic animals.

  Whiskers, mane, switch.

  Mohair and Cashmere - goats

  Wool - sheep
• Feather Body covering of avian species.

  • There are two basic types of feather: vaned feathers which cover the exterior of the body, and down feathers which are underneath the vaned feathers.
• Beak - Projecting mouthpart of the

  chicken, guineafowl, quail, turkeys, and etc.
• Bill - Projecting mouthpart of waterfowls like duck and goose.
• Wattle - Fleshy appendage hanging from the neck of bird
• Horn - Epidermal derivatives bound together into solid mass by keratin.

  Formed over the horn process, or os

  cornua.
• Claw/Hoof Horny covering of the distal end of the digit.

  Claw - a curved pointed horny nail on

  each digit of the foot in birds, lizards, and

  some mammals.

  Hoof - the horny part of the foot of an

  ungulate animal.
• Skeletal System

  Support

  Storage of minerals

  Blood cell production

  Protection

  Leverage
• Long bones

  • Forelimb:

  Humerus

  Radius

  Ulna

  • Hindlimb

  Femur

  Tibia

  Fibula
• Short Bones - these bones provide stability and support to

  the bones they are connected to.

  • Tarsus
  • Carpus
• Flat Bones -Protection of vital organs.

  Muscle attachment.

  • Scapula
  • Pelvis
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
• Sesamoid Bone-Reduces frictions.

  Makes movements easier.

  • Patella
• Irregular Bones

  • Protection
  • Support
  • Muscle attachment

  Vertebrae- Cervical

  Thoracic

  Lumbar

  Sacral

  Coccygeal
• Dviision of Skelatal System

  Axial Skeleton

  Appendicular Skeleton

  Visceral Skeleton
• Axial

  • Skull
  • Ribs and sternum

  These bones form the central

  structure of the body.
• Appendicular

  • Forelimb

  Shoulder: scapula

  Arm: humerus

  Forearm: radius and ulna

  Wrist: carpals

  Manus: metacarpals and phalanges
• Hind limb

  Hip: os coxae

  Thigh: femur

  Kneecap: patella

  Leg/shank: tibia and fibula

  Pes: metatarsals and phalanges
• Os rostri - swine

  • in the soft tissue of external nares

  Os cordis - bovine

  • at the base of the heart

  Os penis - canine

  • within the penis