Fundamental

• Nursing as a profession requires extensive education or special knowledge, skills, and preparation
• Professionalism refers to professional character, spirit, or methods, implying responsibility and commitment
• • Guided by a Code of Ethics regulating professional-client relationship
  • Attracts individuals exalting service above personal gain as a life's work
  • Strives to compensate practitioners with freedom of action, professional growth, and economic security
• Classic criteria of a profession:

  • Utilizes a well-defined and organized body of intellectual knowledge
  • Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge and imposes lifelong obligation to remain current
  • Entrusts education of practitioners to higher education
  • Applies knowledge in practical services vital to human welfare
  • Functions autonomously in formulating professional policy and monitoring practice
  • Distinguished by specific culture, norms, and values common among members
  • Has clear standard of educational preparation for entry into practice
• Nursing is a helping profession contributing to health and wellbeing, filling needs that cannot be met by individuals, families, or the community
• Themes central to nursing definitions:

  • Caring
  • Art
  • Science
  • Client-centered
  • Holistic
  • Adaptive
  • Concerned with health promotion, maintenance, and restoration
• Characteristics of nursing:

  • Provide professional nursing care including health promotion, maintenance, illness care, restoration, rehabilitation, counseling, and education
  • Synthesize theoretical and empirical knowledge with practice
  • Use nursing process for care
  • Accept responsibility and accountability for evaluating own practice
  • Enhance quality of nursing practice and health practices through leadership skills
  • Evaluate research for adaptability to practice
  • Participate in promoting health and well-being
• • Incorporate professional values, ethical, moral, and legal aspects into practice
  • Implement nursing roles to meet emerging health needs
• Personal and professional qualities of a nurse include values of altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice
• Growth of professionalism in nursing is distinguished by specialized education, body of knowledge, service orientation, ongoing research, Code of Ethics, autonomy, and professional organization
• Ways of specialized education:

  • Hospital Diploma
  • Associate Degree
  • Baccalaureate
  • Master’s Degree
  • Doctorate Degree
• Period of Intuitive Nursing:

  • Beliefs and practices of prehistoric man
  • Nursing for women caring for the sick, aged, and children
  • Illness believed to be caused by invasion of evil
  • Practices of nomads, shamans, and trephining
• Nursing in different regions:

  • Babylonia: Code of Hammurabi
  • Egypt: Art of Embalming, record of diseases, nursing by slaves and families
  • Israel: Moses' sanitation laws, nursing by midwives
  • China: Belief in spirits and demons, ancestor worship
  • India: Sushruta's list of nursing functions and qualifications
  • Ancient Greece: Nursing by untrained slaves, introduction of the Caduceus, Hippocrates
  • Rome: Transition to Christian care, care by Greek physicians, Fabiola's hospital
• Period of Apprentice Nursing:

  • On-the-job training
  • Establishment of training schools like Kaiserwerth Institute in Germany
• The Crusaders:

  • Holy Wars
  • Establishment of military religious orders like Knights of St. John, Teutonic Knights, Knights of St. Lazarus
  • Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing
• The Rise of Secular Order:

  • Religious nursing orders for women
  • Filthy hospitals, overcrowding
  • Secular orders like Orders of St. Francis, Beguines, Oblates, Benedictines, Ursulines, Augustinians
  • Important figures like St. Vincent de Paul, St. Elizabeth of Hungary, St. Catherine Siena, St. Clare
• The Dark Period of Nursing:

  • Nursing by undesirable women
  • Reforms by John Howard, Mother Mary Aikenhead, Pastor Theodor Fliedner, and Frederika Munster Fliedner
• Nursing in America:

  • Madame Jeale Mance, Elizabeth Seton, American nursing reforms
• Pre-Civil War Nursing:

  • Mrs. Elizabeth Seton founded the sisters of Charity at Emmitsburg, Maryland in 1809
• American Reforms in Nursing:

  • Nurses’ society in Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839
  • Women's Hospital in Philadelphia established a 6-month course in nursing to increase the nurse’s knowledge while they worked
• Nursing during the Civil War:

  • Committee on training of Nurses was established by the American Medical Association
• Important Personages of Nursing during the Civil War:

  • Dorothea Lynde Dix was appointed superintendent of female nurses for the US government
  • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
• Period of Educated Nursing:

  • Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London on June 15, 1860
• Facts about Florence Nightingale:

  • Known as the mother of Modern Nursing
  • Referred to as Lady with the lamp
  • Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
  • Self-appointed goal: to change the profile of Nursing
  • Compiled Notes on visits to hospital
  • Two published books: Notes on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals
• Important Personages, Groups, Events during the Period of Educated Nursing:

  • Linda Richards was the first graduate nurse in the US
  • Dr. William Halsted designed the first rubber gloves
  • American Nurses Association and the National League for Nursing Education contributed to uplift the Nursing profession
  • Isabel Hampton Robb was the first principal of the John Hopkin’s Hospital School of Nursing
• Age of specialization:

  • Edith Cave II known as "Mata Hari" served the wounded soldiers during World War I
• History of Nursing in the Philippines:

  • Beliefs about causation of disease included evil spirits being driven away by persons with power to expel demons
  • Early care of the sick involved superstitious beliefs and practices, herbicheros, and "Manglukulaman or Mangangaway"
  • Healthcare during the Spanish Regime included the establishment of various hospitals like Hospital Real de Manila, Van lavdro Horbital, Hospital de Indios, Hospital de Aguas Santas, and San Juan de dios Hospital
• Prominent Persons involved in Nursing Work in the Philippines:

  • Josephine Bracken, wife of Jose Rizal, provided nursing care to the wounded night and day
  • Mrs. Rosa Sevilla De Alvero converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers
  • Dona Maria Agoncillo De Aguinaldo provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution
  • Melchora Aquino, Tandang sora, nursed wounded Filipino soldiers and provided shelter and food
  • Capitan Salome provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat
  • Agueda Kahabagan also provided nursing services to her troops
• • Trinidad Teason, known as “Ina ng Biac na Bato,” stayed in the hospital at Biac na bato to care for wounded soldiers
• History of Own Nursing School in the Philippines:

  • Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing in Iloilo City, 1906, ran by Ms. Rose Nicolet and Ms. Flora Ernst
  • St. Paul's Hospital School of Nursing in Manila, 1907, founded by Archbishop of Manila Rev. Jeremiah Harty and supervised by sisters of St. Paul de Chartres
  • Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing began in 1901 and had notable figures like Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters and Anastacia Giron Tupas
• • Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing in Manila, 1907, organized by Sr. Rebecca Parrish, Rose Dudley, and Gertrude Dreisback, with Mrs. Librada Javalera as the first Filipino Director of the School
  • Philippine Christian Mission Institute of Schools of Nursing operated 3 schools of nursing: Sallie Long Read Memorial School on Nursing, Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing, and Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital
  • San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing run by Daughter of Charity with Sister Taciana Triñanes as the first school directress
• • Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing in Capiz, 1913, offered a 3-year training course with Ms. Clara Pedrosa as the first Filipino Principal
  • Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing in Cebu, 1918, had Anastacia Giron Tupas as the organizer and Ms. Visitacion as the first principal
• First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines:

  • University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing began in 1946 as UST of Nursing Education and operated separately from the Santo Tomas University Hospital, with Sor Taciana Triñanes as the first directress
  • University of the Philippines College of Nursing started in 1948 with Ms. Julita Sotejo and U.P. President Gonzales, and Mrs. Consuelo Gimeno as the first Principal
  • Manila Central University College of Nursing established in 1947
• • Conchita Ruiz was the first full-time editor of the newly named PNA mag "the Filipino Nurse"
  • Loreto Tupaz was known as the "Dean of Philippine Nursing" and the Florence Nightingale of Iloilo
• Nursing Leaders in the Philippines:

  • Anastacia Giron Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to hold the Chief nurse and superintendent position and founded the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
  • Cesaria Tan was the first Filipino to receive a Master’s Degree Abroad
  • Socorro Sirilan pioneered Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital
  • Rosa Militar was a pioneer in school health education
  • Sor Ricarda Mendoza was a pioneer in nursing education
  • Socorro Diaz was the first editor of PNA magazine called THE MESSAGE
• Health and Nursing Organizations:

  • Early Institutions for child welfare included Hospicio de San Jose, Asylum of San Jose, Asylum of Looban, Colegio de Santa Isabel, and Gota de Leche
  • Liga Nacional Filipiniana Para La Protection de La Primera Infancia worked for the passage of child welfare legislation
  • Public Welfare Board, Philippine Nurses Association (PNA), National League of Nurses, and Catholic Nurses Guild were notable organizations
• What are the characteristics of nursing

  Provide professional nursing care
• Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906):

  • Ran by Ms. Rose Nicolet, the first superintendent for nurses
  • Ms. Flora Ernst took charge of the school in March 1944, and 22 nurses graduated
• St. Paul Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1970):

  • Founded by Archbishop of Manila Rev. Jeremiah Harty
  • Supervised by sisters of St. Paul de Chartres
  • Opened its training school for nurses in 1908
  • Rev. Mother Melanie was the Superintendent
  • Ms. E. Chambers was the Principal
• Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1970):

  • Began in 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for "Civil Officer and Employees" in the city of Manila
  • Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters first opened a dormitory for girls in 1906
  • Classes in nursing started in 1907 under the Auspices of the Bureau of Education
  • Applicants needed to have completed primary education up to the seventh grade
  • Anastacia Giron Tupas was the first Filipino chief nurse and superintendent