LESSON 1

• Microbiology


  from Greek, mīkros, "small";, bios, "life"; and, -logia)
• microbiology


  is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa.
• microbiology


  This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution, and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.
• Parasitology


  from Greek, para, “beside";, sitos, “food or grain"; and, -logia)
• parasitology


  is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
• pure microbiology


  focuses on the fundamental research aimed at understanding the biology, physiology, genetics, ecology, and evolution of microorganism
• pure microbiology examples

  bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, microbial genetics, microbial ecology, evolutionary microbiology
• bacteriology


  study of bacteria
• virology


  study of viruses
• mycology


  study of fungi
• parasitology


  study of parasites
• microbial genetics


  study of genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms, including gene regulation and genetic variation
• microbial ecology


  study of microorganisms in their natural environments, including their roles in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, microbial communities, and ecosystem processes.
• Evolutionary Microbiology


  study of the evolutionary processes and mechanisms that shape microbial diversity, adaptation, and speciation.
• Applied Microbiology


  Focuses on the practical applications of microorganisms to address specific challenges or solve practical problems in various fields.
• applied microbiology examples

  medical microbiology, food microbiology, microbial biotechnology, industrial microbiology, environmental microbiology, agricultural microbiology, veterinary microbiology
• Medical Microbiology


  study and application of microorganisms in medicine, including the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases, as well as the development of vaccines, antibiotics, and antimicrobial agents.
• Food Microbiology


  study and application of microorganisms in food production, processing, preservation, and safety, including fermentation, probiotics, food spoilage, foodborne pathogens, and food quality assurance.
• Microbial Biotechnology


  use of microorganisms or their products in industrial processes to produce valuable compounds, such as enzymes, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and bioplastics.
• Industrial Microbiology


  application of microorganisms in industrial processes, including fermentation, bioconversion, bioremediation, and the production of food, beverages, antibiotics, enzymes, and other bioproducts.
• Environmental Microbiology


  study and application of microorganisms in environmental monitoring, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, soil fertility, and environmental conservation.
• Agricultural Microbiology


  study of microorganisms in agriculture to enhance soil fertility, promote plant growth, control plant diseases and pests, and improve livestock health and productivity.
• Veterinary Microbiology


  the study of microorganisms that affect the health and well-being of animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife. It involves the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases in animals.
• Robert Hooke


  First observation of cell (1665)
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek


  First observation of live microorganisms
• Carolus Linnaeus


  Revolutionized taxonomy with his binomial nomemclature system
• Edward Jenner


  Pioneered the smallpox vaccine, the first ever vaccine. (1798)
• Ignaz Semmelweiss


  The "Father of Infection Control" and the "Savior of Mothers" due to his promotion of handwashing to reduce the spread of infectious disease (1840)
• Louis Pasteur


  Developed pasteurization, fermentation, early vaccine for rabies amd anthrax, and germ theory of disease. Successfully disproved spontaneous generation (1857-1864)
• Joseph Lister


  The "Father of Antiseptic Surgery" due to his introduction of antiseptic tecniques to surgical operations (1867)
• Robert Koch


  Developed the Koch's postulate and was awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology amd Medicine in 1905 due to his discovery and study of tuberculosis (1876)
• Alexander Fleming


  Discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
• Spontaneous Generation


  States that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. And according to it, a "vital force" forms life. Believed that animals could come from nonliving sources (eg. Frogs developed from falling rain, flies arose from decaying meat)
• Aristotle 


  Was one of the earliest recorded scholars to articulate the theory of spontaneous generation. He noted seveea, instances of the appearance of animals, such as the seemingly sudden appearance of fish in a new puddle of water.
• Jan Baptista van Helmont


  He proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 week. In reality, such habitats provided ideal food sources and shelter for mouse populations to flourish.
• John Needham


  He argued that the new microbes must have arisen spontaneously. In reality, however, he likely did not boil the broth enough to kill all preexisting microbes. His experiments were later refuted by Spallanzani Pasteur.
• Biogenesis


  States that the living organisms can only arise from pre-existing living organisms, rather than spontaneously generating from nonliving matter.
• Francesco Redi


  Conducted experiments with meat and maggots that helped disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He predicted that preventing flies from having direct contact with the meat would prevent the appearance of maggots.
• Lazzaro Spallanzani


  One of those who contradicted the findings of Needham. Heated but sealed flasks remained clear, without any signs of spontaneous growth, unless the flask were subsequently opened to the air.
• Louis Pasteur


  Irrefutably disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He articulated "Omne vivum ex vivo" (Life only comes from life). He recounted his famous swan-neck flask experiment, stating that "life is a germ and a germ is life"