Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• The Calvin Cycle is also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
• ATP synthase produces ATP using ADP and phosphate groups.
• Photosystem II (PSII) uses water to produce oxygen, electrons, protons, and ATP through photolysis.
• Electron transport chain transfers energy from excited electrons to NADP+ molecules, producing reduced NADPH.
• Photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, absorb specific wavelengths of visible light.
• The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
• Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.
• The process of photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
• The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
• Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes and involve chlorophyll pigments.
• Electron carriers are reduced by accepting electrons from PSII.
• Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes that are stacked into grana.
• Thylakoids are flattened sacs within chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions take place.
• Chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes that are stacked into grana.
• Carbon dioxide enters the plant cell via diffusion or active transport.
• Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes and involve splitting water into O2, H+, e-, and H2O.
• What is the ultimate purpose of nutrition?

  To obtain energy
• How do autotrophs/producers get their energy?

  Plants, protists


  By getting energy from the sun.
• Hetertrophs/consumers get their energy from consuming other animals.
• The ultimate source of energy is the sun.
• Only producers which conduct photosynthesis can convert the sun's energy into chemical energy.
• The food energy formed is a simple carbohydrate called glucose.
• All organisms convert the energy in glucose to ATP.
• ATP is used by all organisms to conduct metabolic reactions and life processes.
• The energy from the ATP can be used for mechanical functions, active transport, chemical reactions necessary for life.
• An ATP molecule releases energy whenever a phosphate group is removed from ADP
• 36-38 ATPs are formed in cellular respiration.
• 2 ATPs are formed in the Krebs Cycle.
• 2 ATPs are formed in glycolysis.
• 34 ATPs are formed in the ETC.
• Glycosis means to split sugars.
• Glycosis takes place in the cytoplasm
• Glycosis splits the glucose (6 carbons) into G3P (unstable sugar with 3 carbons) with the help of 2 ATP. Then the G3P is used to make pyruvate (2 carbons), and you get 2 NADH and 4 ATP in return.
• The net return in glycosis is 2 NADH and 2 ATP.
• The link reaction of glycosis is where a CO2 molecule leaves the pyruvate, and coenzyme A (CoA), joins the remaining pyruvate to make Acetyl CoA.
• The link reaction takes place in the mitochondria.