Pathogens

• Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease in humans or animals.
• Pathogens can be transported by vectors, such as mosquitos, ticks, and fleas.
• Pathogens can be spread through direct contact (like through shaking hands) or indirect contact (like through airborne droplets or touching door handles that others have touched).
• Pathogens can be spread through the air, water and food. Also through sexual contact.
• Pathogens can get into the body through your mouth. However, your mouth produces an enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria.
• Pathogens can get in through your nose however, noses have mucus to trap pathogens
• Pathogens can also enter through eyes but eyelids close frequently which washes away any pathogenic material.
• Bacteria like our body because we are warm and moist and have lots of nutrients- this is an ideal environment for bacteria to reproduce.
• Viruses bury into the cells and reproduce inside the cells.
• Pathogens are attacked by lymphocytes and phagocytes, they create antibodies, antitoxins and they digest the pathogen.
• Antibiotics kill or stop bacterial growth.
• Antiviral drugs prevent viral replication.
• Antifungals destroy fungi.
• Viruses can be stopped by taking a vaccine. Vaccines are when you get injected with a dead or weakened version of the virus and your body creates antibodies to defend against this virus- your body easily defeats it. Next time, you get infected your bodies memory cells remember what antibodies are needed to defeat the virus so can make more of them , faster.
• Bacteria can be killed using disinfectants like bleach which kills bacteria on surfaces but not living things.
• Examples of viruses are influenza, HIV, Meningitis, Herpes, Polio, chicken Pox, measles and the flu
• Examples of bacteria are Chlamydia, salmonella, cholera, tuberculosis, tonsilitus, and gonorrhea
• Examples of fungus are Black Rose spot and Athlete's foot
• Diseases can be spread through direct contact, indirect contact, water , food, air, vectors and sexual contact
• Phagocytosis is when a phagocyte locates bacteria and engulfs and surrounds the bacteria to digest it
• When bacteria excrete toxins, White blood cells create antitoxins which neutralise the toxins
• antibodies (that lymphocytes make) can cause the pathogen to burst; bind to the pathogen to destroy them or stick the pathogens together so the phagocytes can ingest them.
• Painkiller relive symptoms
• antibiotics can kill the bacteria but not the host cells
• Antiviral drugs stop viruses from replicating
• Vaccines contain dead/inactive virus that stimulates an immune response without causing disease
• Measles

  Mumps

  Rubella
• Drugs needed to be tested for safeness, stability and efficiency
• The Drug Development is:

  Discovery

  Pre-clinical

  Clinical
• Rose black Spot is created from a fungus and can be destroyed by using fungicides and removing and destroying infected leaves.
• Monoclonal antibodies are produced when a rat is injected with an antigen and an antibody - forming cell is extracted and fuses with a tumor cell to create a hybridomas. They are then cloned to created monoclonal antibodies
• After you have had a vaccine your body makes antibodies and your memory cells remember the antibodies needed for that specific virus. The next time you get infected, your white blood cells create antibodies faster and make more of them.
• On a graph showing vaccines and the next infection- we can see that the second infection has less lag time, a steeper rise and longer, lasting response
• The tabacco mosaic virus is when plants have yellow and green spotting on their leaves (not enough chloroplasts) and stunted growth.
• A double-blind test is when doctors and patient does not know if they have the medicine or the placebo in order to avoid the placebo effect.
• If a plant is deficient in magnesium (for building chloroplasts) or nitrates (needed for amino acids) they will have yellow leaves and stunted growth.
• The Lock and Key Model is a model that describes how enzymes work.
• The lock and key model is the idea that an enzyme fits in the active site of a substrate so it can react.