Bio 2 (Midterms)

• Evolution is the change through time as organisms become modified to produce multiple descendants
• Natural selection is the mechanism for evolutionary change
• The concept of evolution was compiled with the ideas of scientists in quest for the origin of all species
• John Ray (17th Century Scientist):

  • Coined the term species
  • Studied fossils and opposed the Biblical account of creation
• Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Studied plants and believed in sexual reproduction
  • Gave each specimen a descriptive Latin binomial
  • Published Systema naturae for naming species systematically
  • Catalogued living species based on a hierarchical classification system
• Comte de Buffon (1707 - 1788, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Introduced natural history in a 44 volume series
  • Debated on Earth's age and the formation process
  • Focused on vestigial organs as evidence for human evolution
• Erasmus Darwin (1731 - 1802, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Authored "Zoonomia" proposing evolution
  • Recognized modern species differ from fossil types
  • Identified artificial selection by breeders and inheritance of features
• Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Interpreted fossil remains and related them to modern species
  • Classified animals based on body plan
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics
  • Believed species do not become extinct but evolve
• Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire (1772 - 1844, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Elaborated on Lamarck's ideas
  • Stated that a good environment allows organisms to survive
• James Hutton (1726 - 1797, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Recognized the Earth's old age
  • Introduced the principle of uniformitarianism
• Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875, 18th Century Scientist):

  • Collected evidence for uniformitarianism
  • Published "Principles of Geology"
  • Observed raised seabed in Europe separated by lava flows
• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882, 19th Century Scientist):

  • Traveled to South America and collected fossil evidence
  • Noted variations in fossils and distribution of organisms
  • Coined the phrase "descent with modification"
  • Authored "On the Origin of Species" in 1859
• Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913, 19th Century Scientist):

  • Proposed the survival of best-adapted organisms through natural selection
  • Developed statements on how species evolve using natural selection
• Evolution is the change through time as organisms become modified to produce multiple descendants
• Evolution is the historical change, while natural selection is the mechanism for that change
• Studying evolution is important to enlighten people on the possibilities and evidence of species evolving
• The concept of evolution was developed by a compilation of ideas from scientists in the quest for the origin of all species
• 17th Century Scientists:

  • John Ray coined the term "species" and studied fossils, opposing the Biblical account of creation
  • Carl Linnaeus studied plants and animals, giving each specimen a descriptive Latin binomial
  • Comte de Buffon introduced natural history and focused on vestigial organs as evidence of human evolution
• 18th Century Scientists:

  • Erasmus Darwin set the idea of evolution in his book "Zoonomia" and recognized artificial selection by breeders
  • Georges Cuvier interpreted fossil remains and classified animals based on body plan
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics and the idea that species evolve, not become extinct
  • Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire elaborated on Lamarck's work, emphasizing the impact of the environment on survival
  • James Hutton recognized the Earth's age and proposed uniformitarianism
• • Charles Lyell collected evidence for uniformitarianism and observed raised seabeds in Europe
  • Charles Darwin collected fossil evidence in South America and noted variations in fossils, leading to the idea of descent with modification
  • Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" was published in 1859, introducing the concept of natural selection
  • Alfred Russel Wallace proposed that best-adapted organisms survive and pass on adaptations to offspring
• • Inference 2: Survival is not random, individuals with inherited characteristics fitting the environment are likely to leave more offspring
  • Inference 3: Unequal ability to reproduce and survive can lead to gradual changes in population
• Observations and Inferences on species evolution using natural selection by Darwin and Wallace:

  • Observation 1: Population increases if all organisms can produce offspring successfully
  • Observation 2: Population size is stable except for seasonal fluctuations
  • Observation 3: Environment resources are limited
  • Inference 1: More individuals lead to a struggle for existence as only a fraction of offspring can survive each generation
  • Observation 4: No two individuals are the same
  • Observation 5: Variation is heritable
• Evolution is the change through time as organisms become modified to produce multiple descendants
• Evolution is the historical change, while natural selection is the mechanism for that change
• Studying evolution is important to enlighten people on the possibilities and evidence of species evolving
• The concept of evolution was compiled by multiple scientists in the quest for the origin of all species
• John Ray coined the term "species" and studied fossils, opposing the Biblical account of creation
• Carl Linnaeus studied plants and animals, giving each specimen a descriptive Latin binomial
• Carl Linnaeus catalogued living species based on a hierarchical classification system
• Comte de Buffon introduced natural history and focused on vestigial organs as evidence of human evolution
• Erasmus Darwin set the idea of evolution in his book "Zoonomia" and recognized artificial selection in breeding
• Georges Cuvier interpreted fossil remains and classified animals based on body plan
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics and the evolution of species
• Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire elaborated on Lamarck's work, emphasizing the role of the environment in survival
• James Hutton recognized the Earth's age and proposed the principle of uniformitarianism
• Charles Lyell collected evidence for uniformitarianism and observed raised seabeds separated by lava flows
• Charles Darwin collected fossil evidence and observed variations in descendants, leading to the idea of natural selection
• Charles Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to summarize the unity of life
• Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" was published in 1859, introducing natural selection