component of population change

• migration - permanent (more than 1 year) change of residence of an individual or group of people
• international migration - movement of people across international frontiers for a minimum of 1 year
• emigrant - someone who leaves a country
• immigrant - someone who enters a country
• internal migration - movement of people from one place to another within a country
• out-migration - movement of internal migrants out of a region of a country
• in-migration - movement of internal migrants into a region of a country
• net migration - balance between the people moving into a region or country, and the people moving out of that region or country
• source area - place migrants have come from
• distance decay - number of migrants declines as distance between the source area and the area of destination increases
• voluntary migration - when migrants choose to move
• forced migration - when migrants feel that they have no alternative to moving
• economic migrant - moving in order to obtain a better standard of living
• Constraints - cost:

  • emotional cost of leaving family
  • cost of transport
  • cost of buying furniture or housing in HICs
  • cost of selling properties when leaving
• Constraints - journey:

  • long journeys
  • many different steps is cheaper than one step
  • cheap transport can malfunction
  • dangerous or fatal
• Constraints - laws:

  • visas are difficult to get
  • laws can be based on gender, age, skills, and money
  • laws change frequently
  • illegal immigrants can be deported
  • physical barriers are built
• push factors:

  • low wage, low standard of living, poverty
  • lack of job opportunities
  • lack of access to amenities e.g. schools, hospitals
  • poor quality of life
  • conflict, war, or political oppression
  • persecution of minority groups within society
  • natural hazards
• pull factors:

  • high wages, improved standard of living
  • more job opportunities
  • better amenities and services
  • improved quality of life
  • freedom from oppression
  • tolerance of other people's views, opinions and attitudes
  • better environment, no natural hazards
• Migration changes population pyramids:

  • Bahrain - jobs available in construction so more men migrate from other countries
  • London - young people migrate to cities as students or for work in the service industry
  • East Devon - old people migrate to places with pleasant climate, so there is a higher proportion of elderly people
• barrier to movement - difficulties that the migrant will face when making the journey to a new home, and the difficulties they may face when they arrive
• asylum seekers - refugees who apply to live permanently in the area of destination
• illegal immigrants - people who migrate without permission, as they do not have a visa allowing them to enter the destination country
• intra-urban migration - when people move house within one urban area
• migration stream - migrants sharing a common source area and destination
• pull factors - good things about the destination area that attract the migrant to move there
• push factors - bad things about the source area that make the migrant want to escape from there
• refugees - people who are forced to migrate as they move to seek refuge from a life threatening situation
• remittances - money sent home by migrant workers
• rural-urban migration - movement of people from the countryside to urban settlements
• step migration - when the move is done in stages e.g. countryside to town to small city to capital city
• urban-urban migration - when people move from one urban settlement to another
• urban-rural migration - when people move from urban settlements to the countryside
• counter urbanisation - reversal of the previous rural-urban migration
• theories of migration:

  • push-pull hypothesis
  • systems approach
  • todaro model
  • stark
  • marxist/structuralist theory
  • gender theory
• Todaro theory states that most rural to urban migrants in LEDCs actually understand that there is no "Urban Dream", but they accept the initially poorer quality of life as they see that as opportunities arise, their lives will improve.
• Stark theory builds on Todaro with the idea that families make the decision about the migration of the individual. This means that one family member is nominated to get formal employment somewhere else, and send back money to support the family. Or, the family could use relay migration where family members take it in turn to find available work elsewhere.
• Marxist/structuralist theory says that movements of labour are defined by the businesses as they decide to put factories in certain areas, so the labour force has to move with them.
• Gender theory states that men and women have different motives for migration, and different genders will be found in different migration streams due to the type of work available.
• classification:

  • motivation e.g. forced/voluntary
  • distance e.g. international/internal
  • direction e.g. rural to urban
  • duration e.g. migration/circulation
  • nature e.g. illegal
  • demographic characteristics
  • social factors e.g. education