unit 3 (1700-1900 ce)

• White Australia Policy


  A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia
• Chinese Exclusion Acts


  (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
• Mahdist Wars


  A series of revolts against Egyptian and British rule in Sudan led by Muhhammad Ahmad, an Islamic Cleric. He declared himself Mahdi (guided one) who would restore the glory of Islam.
• Limited-liability

  Corporation


  a type of business with limited liability for the owners, with the advantage of not paying corporate income tax
• Hong Kong and Shanghai

  Banking Corporation (HSBC)


  Bank created in 1865 with one center in Hong Kong and one in Shanghai to meet the needs of European merchants who needed a local bank to finance the heavy transnational trade between China and Europe. Initially it is an example of a 19th century transnational business engaged in economic imperialism.
• United Fruit Company


  The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States.
• Boxer Rebellion


  1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
• Self-Strengthening

  Movement

  late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders
• Taiping Rebellion

  a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
• Spheres of Influence


  a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.
• Treaty of Nanking


  Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
• Opium Wars


  Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.
• Panama Canal


  (TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of nearby countries, a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.
• Sepoy Rebellion


  The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated muslim consumption of pork fat; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
• Suez Canal


  Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
• Muhammad Ali

  (Egypt)

  Commander in the Ottoman army in early 1800s and whose loyal followers executed the Mamluk leaders.

  In the power vacuum created, he orchestrated the establishment of the modern state of Egypt through adoption of a western model of government [bureaucracy, streamline economics, and develop a modern military]
• Boer Wars


  a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.
• Berlin Conference


  A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
• Scramble for Africa


  Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
• Italian Unification


  During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy
• Otto von Bismarck


  Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
• Lola Rodriguez de Tió


  Female leader of the unsuccessful Puerto Rican independence movement
• Social Darwinism


  The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
• Charles Darwin


  English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
• Socio-cultural Imperialism


  The dominating country deliberately tried to change customs, religions and languages in some of the countries. A good example was British India, where English was taught in schools, Indian soldiers dressed British-style, and western trading rules were set up. Generally, the imperialist countries assumed their cultures to be superior, and often times they saw themselves as bringing about improvements in the society.
• Economic Imperialism


  Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.
• Political Imperialism


  dominant country uses diplomacy or military forces to influence the internal affairs
• Colonial Imperialism


  One country taking over another country usually by force
• Trans-Siberian Railroad


  Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.
• Young Turks


  A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.
• Tanzimat Reforms


  A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.
• Ottomanism


  An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethinic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights (reinforced by Imperial decree of 1856).
• Zaibatsu


  Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.
• Meiji Restoration


  The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
• Seneca Falls

  Conference

  The first organized women's rights conference, which took place at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
• Mary Wollstonecraft


  English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
• Cult of Domesticity


  idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
• Internal Combustion Engine


  an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine
• Proletariat


  Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
• Bourgeoisie


  the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people