Chapter 21

• What are the five vital signs?

  (1)Temperature (2)pulse (3)respiration (4)blood pressure (5)pain level
• What do vital signs represent?

  vital signs give indications as to the health status of the patient and clues to changes in conditions
• Routine vital sign measurements include?

  body temperature
• The pulse rate is measured by?

  Placing two or three fingers over a superficial artery that has a bone behind it.
• The body temperature may be affected by?

  time of day
• Temperature measurements may be taken by?

  using an axillary thermometer
• An infant's temperature is taken?

  rectally
• Tachycardia refers to a pulse that is?

  greater than 100 beats per minute
• Which type of respiration describes fast, deep breathing?

  Kussmaul's
• One of two instruments used to measure blood pressure is a/an?

  sphygmomanometer and stethescope
• Cardiac contractions produce what?

  Pulse
• Blood pressure is affected by?

  an increase in blood volume
• Heat loss occurs with skins exposure to the environment through ?

  Radiation, Conduction, Convection, Evaporation
• How much water is lost each day by evaporation?

  800 mL
• What is affected by thyroid hormone?

  BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
• What other hormones affect the metabolic rate?

  epinephrine, norepinephrine, testosterone
• How is body heat produced?

  Metabolism (chemical reactions in the body)
• What happens if metabolism increases?

  More heat is produced. This is what causes fever
• What agents causes fever?

  pyrogens
• What rate is produced when the body is a rest?

  Basal Metabolic Rate
• What is the average BMR?

  depends on the person's body surface area
• How does fever occur?

  when normal mechanisms of the body cannot keep up with excessive heat production
• What is the medical terminology for fever?

  Pyrexia
• excessive sweat production is what?

  diaphoresis
• what is hypoxia? insufficient oxygen
• When the heart contracts, how much blood is propelled into the aorta?

  60 to 70 mL
• What is Stroke Volume?

  The volume of blood pushed into the aorta which each heart beat.
• Is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues and is initiated by the act of breathing is called?

  Respiration
• What are two process of respiration?

  external respiration and internal respiration
• Where does the internal respiration occur?

  At the cellular level
• What are the four ways external respiration occurs?

  (1) ventilation (2)dispersion of air through the bronchial tree of the lungs (3)diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide (4) perfusion, the movement of blood through the lungs and tissues.
• What are the organs of the respiration?

  Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs
• How many lobes are there in the right lung?

  3
• How many loves are there in the left lung?

  2
• What does the bronchial tree consist of?

  Bronchi and the bronchioles
• Where does the gas exchange with blood take place?

  Alveoli (tiny thin-walled sacs)
• How is respiration controlled?

  pons and medulla of the brainstem
• The pressure exerted on atrial walls by pumping action of the heart ?Blood pressure
• What is systolic pressure?

  is the maximum pressure exerted on the artery during left ventricular contraction
• What is diastolic pressure?

  is a lower pressure exerted on the artery when the heart is at rest between contractions (diastole)