Stoichiometry

• The limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is the reactant that is completely consumed and determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed.
• For any physical process, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.
• Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be obtained from a given amount of reactant, based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
• Calculate the ratio of moles of one reactant to another by dividing the number of moles of one reactant by the number of moles of the other reactant.
• Percentage yield is calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100%.
• To calculate the theoretical yield of a product, multiply the mole ratio between the two reactants by the number of moles of the limiting reactant.
• Matter undergoes changes in physical and chemical reactions but its mass remains constant.
• Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a physical or chemical reaction.
• Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100
• Actual yield = actual mass of product produced / molecular weight of product
• A balanced equation shows equal numbers of atoms or molecules on both sides of an equation.
• Limiting reagent refers to the substance whose quantity limits the formation of the desired product.
• Atomic Mass Units (amu) are used as units of measurement when calculating atomic masses.
• Avogadro's Number represents the number of atoms present in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
• One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's Number of particles.
• Limiting reagents are those that run out first when all reactants have been used up.
• Excess reagent: Reactant with an excess amount left over at the end of the reaction
• Limiting reagent: Reactant that runs out first and determines the maximum amount of product that can be made
• The coefficients in front of the formulas represent the relative amounts of each substance involved in the reaction.
• Mole is defined as Avogadro's Number of particles, where one mole equals 6.023 × 10^23 particles.
• The molar mass of any element can be calculated by multiplying its relative atomic mass with the mass of one atom.
• Percent Composition by Mass: The percentage mass of each element in a compound, calculated using the molecular formula