QUIZ 2

• In the context of GMOs, what does "Genetic" refer to?

  Genes or DNA
• What does the term "Modification" mean in the definition of a GMO?

  Changing from the original
• According to the definition, what does "Organism" refer to in the context of GMOs?


  Any living thing
• What is the definition of a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?

  Intentionally changing an organism's original genes
• Approximately how long ago did domestication of crops begin?

  Over 10,000 years ago
• What action did early farmers take that resulted in changes to plant genes over generations?

  Selected plants with desirable traits
• How do modern crops typically compare to their wild ancestors?

  Modern crops look different
• What characteristics were commonly selected for during the domestication of plants?

  Size, taste, resistance
• How did early human selection modify organisms, technically speaking?

  It changed their genetics
• Compared to early human selection, how does modern GMO modification compare?

  Faster and more precise
• What are the processes that are used in Non-GMO methods?

  Simple selection, selective breeding
• What are the processes that are used in GMO methods?

  Interspecies crosses, mutagenesis
• What process is characteristic of traditional breeding?

  Crossbreeding related organisms
• What is a key characteristic of traditional breeding in terms of speed?

  Slow process
• How does the precision of traditional breeding compare to genetic engineering?

  Less precision
• What type of variation does traditional breeding rely on?

  Natural variation
• What process is characteristic of genetic engineering?

  Direct gene editing
• How does the speed of genetic engineering compare to traditional breeding?

  Faster, specific results
• What level of precision is achieved in genetic engineering?

  High precision
• Where do the changes in genetic engineering primarily occur?

  Lab-controlled changes
• What are the main steps involved in genetic engineering?

  Identify, copy, insert genes
• Besides inserting genes, how else can genetic engineering modify an organism's DNA?

  Deleting, duplicating, or editing gene sequences
• What is the function of vectors in the process of genetic engineering?

  DNA delivery tools
• What is the function of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in genetic engineering?

  Natural plant gene inserter
• What type of cells are lentiviruses used for as viral vectors?

  Animal/human cells
• What is the process of transformation in the context of transferring bacterial genes?

  DNA from the environment
• How does transduction transfer bacterial genes?

  Viruses transfer DNA
• How does conjugation transfer bacterial genes?

  Direct transfer between bacteria
• What are the primary steps in making a GMO?

  Identify, copy, insert gene
• What is the final step in making a GMO?

  Grow and test organism
• What is the first step in making a GMO plant like Bt corn?

  Identify Bt gene
• After copying the Bt gene, what is the next step in making Bt corn?

  Insert Bt gene into corn DNA
• After inserting the Bt gene into corn DNA, what is the first growth environment for the GMO plant?

  Lab
• What are some potential applications of editing DNA in GMOs in the future?

  Improve traits
• What is a potential application of deleting harmful genes in GMOs?

  Disease cures
• What is a potential application of duplicating beneficial genes in GMOs?

  Climate-resilient crops
• What is the first step in the structured production of GMOs?

  Identify gene
• What tool is used to insert the gene during the production of GMOs?

  Vectors
• What is the last step in the structured production of GMOs?

  Grow and test thoroughly
• What is one reason for growing GMO crops related to resistance?

  Insect resistance