first aid: small animals

• What is the primary objective of this study material?

  Assessing a sick or injured dog/cat
• What should you know regarding emergencies?

  Signs of common emergencies
• What is the first priority when handling a sick or injured animal?

  Safety of all parties involved
• What does basic first aid involve?

  • Treatment before reaching a veterinarian
  • May involve limited access to supplies
  • Performed by veterinary students or technicians
• What does the acronym DR ABC stand for?

  Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation
• What should you do when approaching a sick or injured animal?

  Approach calmly and cautiously
• Why should you check for a muzzle when assessing an animal?

  To prevent bites if the animal is in pain
• What should you assess in the response phase?

  Level of consciousness (LOC)
• What indicates a decreased level of consciousness?

  The animal may still bite
• What should you do if an animal is non-responsive?

  Check the airway for obstructions
• What is the definition of apnoea?

  No breathing
• What should you do if you observe agonal breathing?

  Start CPR if the animal is unconscious
• What are signs of altered perfusion?

  Decreased LOC and abnormal mucous membrane color
• What is the definition of circulatory shock?

  Inadequate perfusion leading to insufficient flow
• What are parameters consistent with shock?

  Dull mentation and pale mucous membranes
• What heart rate indicates shock in small breed dogs?

  Greater than 160 beats/min
• What should you do for an animal experiencing seizures?

  Keep hands away from the mouth
• What is the first step in managing a fracture?

  Muzzle the animal if breathing is okay
• How should you manage a hemorrhage?

  Apply direct pressure with clean gauze
• When should a tourniquet be applied?

  Life-threatening arterial hemorrhage only
• What should you do for spinal injuries?

  Use a flat board to keep spine aligned
• What are signs of heatstroke in dogs?

  Heavy panting and very red gums
• What should you NOT do for heatstroke treatment?

  Wrap in wet towels or apply ice packs
• What should you do if an animal has a penetrating foreign body?

  Do NOT remove the object
• What is the first step in managing head trauma?

  Avoid pressure on the ventral neck
• When should a muzzle not be used?

  Breathing changes or loss of consciousness
• What should you do if a pet ingests poison?

  Call the vet first for advice
• What is included in a first aid kit?

  Digital thermometer and adhesive gauze
• What should you do before transporting an injured animal?

  Call ahead to the emergency vet
• What happens during cardiopulmonary arrest?

  Heart stops beating effectively
• What are signs of impending arrest?

  Collapse and irregular breathing
• What should you do first in an emergency situation?

  Call for help immediately
• What is the recommended rate for chest compressions?

  100-120 compressions per minute
• What is the technique for mouth-to-snout breathing?

  Seal nostrils and blow firmly
• What should you do during transport while performing CPR?

  Continue the 30:2 technique on route
• What are the steps for single rescuer basic life support (BLS)?

  1. Perform 30 chest compressions
  2. Follow with 2 breaths
  3. Repeat until help arrives
• What are the steps for buddy CPR technique?

  1. Perform 30 chest compressions
  2. Pause for 2nd person to give 2 breaths
  3. Switch positions every 2 minutes
  4. Repeat until help arrives
• What are the key considerations for transporting an injured animal?

  • Call ahead to the vet
  • Ensure safety first
  • Use appropriate handling techniques
  • Drive safely while following road rules