Excreation

• The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products such as urea, and regulating the balance of water and electrolytes.
• Filtrate passes into tubules where it undergoes reabsorption (re-entry) of useful substances back into the bloodstream.
• Urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra.
• Urine is formed by filtration of blood plasma through glomeruli in the nephrons of the kidney.
• Excretory products include urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, carbon dioxide, water, salts, and hormones.
• The kidneys are the main organs involved in excretion.
• Excretion involves the removal of metabolic wastes from the body.
• Urine is formed from filtrate that has not been reabsorbed by the body.
• Antidiuretic hormone regulates the amount of water lost through urination to maintain fluid balance.
• Kidney is bean shaped organ located on either side of vertebral column.
• Kidney stones can form when there is an excess of certain minerals or salts in the urine.
• Each kidney has an outer cortex and inner medulla with pyramids.
• Nephron is functional unit of kidney consisting of glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and nephrons.
• Nephron consists of Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and glomerulus.
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures how much fluid is filtered from the blood per minute.
• Kidneys remove excess water from the body to maintain homeostasis.
• Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine.
• Glomerulus filters blood plasma, while Bowman's capsule collects filtered fluid.
• Glomerulus is a network of capillaries within Bowman's capsule that filters blood.
• Kidneys filter out waste materials such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, carbon dioxide, excess water, salt, and hormones.
• Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for producing urine.
• Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, which consists of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule.
• Nephron consists of Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and juxtaglomerular apparatus.
• Blood enters the glomerulus via afferent arteriole and leaves via efferent arteriole.
• Glomerulus is a network of capillaries that filters blood to form filtrate.
• Kidneys filter out excess water and electrolytes from the bloodstream.
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determines how much fluid passes into the tubules.
• Each kidney consists of about one million nephrons which filter blood.
• Nephron is made up of glomerulus (ball like structure) and tubule.
• Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
• Aldosterone increases sodium retention and potassium loss in distal convoluted tubules.
• Glomerular capsule surrounds glomerulus and filters blood plasma into Bowman's space.
• Renin, produced by juxtaglomerular cells, converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I which then gets converted into angiotensin II.
• Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction) and stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone.
• Loop of Henle allows for concentration of urine by removing more water than sodium chloride.
• Filtrate contains water, urea, sodium chloride, potassium, bicarbonates, amino acids, glucose, vitamins, hormones, and waste products.
• Blood pressure forces fluids out of capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
• Urinary system includes two kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
• Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs most substances back into the bloodstream.
• Loop of Henle is involved in the formation of concentrated urine by absorbing water and solute from the descending limb and secreting them into the ascending limb.