Test 2 Anatomy lecture notes review

• what is the function of a tight junction and where is it found in the body?

  Fluid seal junction that keeps fluid from entering between cells. found in the skin and kidneys
• What is the function of a desmosome junction and where is it found in the body?

  The function of desmosome junction is spot welding. It holds cells together and it’s found in the respiratory tract
• What is the function of a gap junction? Where are they found in the body?

  Gap junctions are responsible for communication and allows chemicals to move between cells
• what are the 4 major types of tissues?

  Epithelia, Connective , Muscle, and Nervous tissues.
• How are Epithelial tissues classified by shape? How are the classified by layers?

  Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

  Simple, stratified
• How would you name the following epithelial tissue One layer of flat cells? Many layers with top layer of cells taller than they are wide?

  Simple squamous

  Stratified columnar
• What are three functions of the basement membrane?

  attaches epithelium to connective tissue, gives room for a cell to go through mitosis, determines what gets into epithelium from connective tissue
• Where is simple squamous tissue found?

  Kidney tubules, lines blood vessels, air sacs, body cavities.

  function: Absorption, diffusion, reduce friction
• Where is stratified squamous tissue found?

  Skin, vagina, rectum, inside mouth, esophagus.

  function: protects against attacks and abrasions
• Where is pseudostratified found?

  Lining respiratory tract and part of the male reproductive tract and nasal cavity

  function: goblet cell to produce mucin, secretes mucus for lubrication, and movement of substances
• Where is transitional found? (TEST QUESTION)

  Lining the ureters and bladder.

  function: allows for expansion of organs
• Glands are made of epithelial tissue
• What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

  Endocrine gland secretes its product into the blood

  Exocrine gland secretes into a duct
• Name a unicellular gland? Where is it found?

  Goblet cells can be found in the mucous membranes
• Give three examples of exocrine glands

  Apocrine: A piece of cell breaks off. Example is the mammary gland

  Merocrine: Only secretion leaves the cells.

  Example is the salivary glands

  Holocrine: the whole cell secretes and a new cell forms.

  Example: sebaceous glands
• Connective tissue that are star shaped cells are derived from embryonic tissue called?

  Mesenchyme
• What is a basement membrane? what does it contain?

  Attaches epithelium to connective tissue. May contain reticular fibers.
• Name three functions of the basement membrane.

  1. Attaches epithelium to connective tissue
  2. gives room for cell to go through mitosis
  3. determines what gets in the epithelium from the connective tissue
• Name five characteristics that contrast epithelial and connective tissues

  1. E: Attach to underlying connective tissue by basement membrane C: Scattered cells in a matrix, protein fibers
  2. E: Avascular C: Vascular (excluding cartilage )
  3. E: Apical surface C: Never exposed to outside environment
  4. E:Cells bound closely C:Most diverse tissue
  5. E: Free surface C: No free surface
• Glands are made of epithelial tissue
• What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland? 


  Endocrine gland secretes product into the blood and Exocrine secretes into a duct.
• Name a unicellular gland and where it is found.

  Goblet cell found in pseudostratified or simple columnar
• A piece of cell breaks off. Example: Mammary gland

  Apocrine
• Only secretion leaves the cell. Example salivary glands

  Merocrine
• Whole cell secretes, new cell forms. Example Sebaceous gland

  Holocrine
• Connective tissue is derived from embryonic tissue called

  Mesenchyme
• Connective tissues contains

  Cells and extracellular matrix
• Name at least 5 types of cells found in connective tissue

  Fibroblasts- makes fibers

  Adipocytes- fat cells

  Mast cell- stimulates inflammation by producing histamine after injury or infection. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate which increases blood flow

  Macrophages- ”eats” foreign material

  Mesenchymal- Responds to injury or infection
• Two components of a matrix are

  Fibers and ground substance
• Name three types of fibers (“think cerrrelle)

  1. Collagen- sturdy and flexible. Prevents pulling and twisting
  2. Elastic- strong and flexible- allows tissue to stretch and return back to its original shape
  3. Reticular- Networking fibers (rarely found in connective tissue)
• What type of organic compound is a fiber?

  Collagen
• Name the most common ground substance found in connective tissue

  Hyaluronic Acid
• Name three types of loose connective tissue. Why are they loose?

  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular

  the fibers are loose and there’s a lot of ground substance
• Areolar tissue contains fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes. NOTE- fibers=fibroblasts
• Adipose: adipocytes (Avascular ) fat cells. Ground substance (hyaluronic acid )
• Adipose: adipocytes (Avascular) ground substance (hyaluronic acid)
• Reticular tissue : reticular cells (avascular)
• Dense regular : fibroblasts (vascular )
• Dense irregular tissue : fibroblasts (vascular)
• Hyaline cartilage : chondrocytes (avascular)