Midterm 2

• A mole is the number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12. This unit is used to count small objects like atoms and molecules. The number of objects in a mole of a substance is Avogadro’s number.
• Molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance, which is numerically equivalent to the atomic mass of the element
• Avogadro’s number (N) is the number of particles present in a mole of a substance (6.02x10^23)
• A dalton (Da) is a unit used in biochemistry to measure the mass of large compounds, where one dalton is equivalent to one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom
• An equivalent unit refers to two quantities that can be related to each other with an equal sign
• Organic compounds are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen but may also include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and a few other elements in their structures
• Biomolecules are the molecules of life, including carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
• Organic chemistry is the field of chemistry dedicated to studying the structure characteristics and reactivity of carbon-containing compounds
• Inorganic compounds are composed of elements other than carbon and hydrogen
• Condensed structural formula


  A representation of an organic compound that shows all atoms and their arrangement, using the fewest bonds necessary to convey the correct arrangement of atoms
• Skeletal structure


  A representation of an organic compound that shows only the bonding of carbon framework
• Alkanes


  A family of organic compounds whose members are composed of only singly bonded carbons and hydrogens; this family has no functional group
• Saturated hydrocarbon


  Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in which each carbon is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
• Straight-chain alkane


  Alkanes that have all their carbon atoms connected in a single continuous chain
• Cycloalkane


  Hydrocarbon compounds containing a ring of carbon atoms
• Heteroatom


  Atoms in an organic compound other than carbon and hydrogen
• Functional groups


  A group of atoms bonded in a particular way that is used to classify organic compounds into the various families; each functional group has specific properties and reactivities
• Carboxylic acid


  A family of organic compounds whose functional group is a carbonyl bonded to an OH, the functional group is a carboxyl group abbreviated as COOH
• Alkenes


  A family of organic compounds whose functional group is a carbon-carbon double bond
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon


  A hydrocarbon with more than one bond between carbon atoms
• Terpene


  A naturally occurring alkene that contains 5n carbons
• Alkynes


  A family of organic compounds whose functional group is a carbon-carbon triple bond
• Aromatic compounds


  A family of cyclic organic compounds whose functional group is a benzene ring
• Aromaticity


  A term used to describe the unexpected stability of aromatic compounds
• Resonance hybrid


  A representation used to indicate electron sharing among several atoms
• Monounsaturated


  A term used to describe organic compounds that have one double bond in their structures
• Polyunsaturated


  A term used to describe organic compounds that have more than one double or triple bond
• Fatty acids


  Simple lipid compounds with a long alkane-like hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group
• Lipid


  A class of biomolecules whose structures are mainly nonpolar
• Saturated fatty acid


  Fatty acids that have no carbon-carbon double bonds; each carbon of the alkyl portion of a fatty acid is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
• Branched-chain alkanes


  Alkanes that have more than one chain of carbon atoms; the shorter chains are considered branches from the main, longer chain
• Halogen


  Collective name for the Group 7A elements
• Haloalkane


  Hydrocarbon compounds in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halogen atom
• Isomer


  A compound with the same molecular formula as another compound but a different arrangement of the atoms
• Structural isomer


  Compounds with the same molecular formula (number and type of atoms) but a different connectivity of the atoms
• Conformational isomer


  An isomer that differs only by rotation about one or more bonds
• Unsaturated fatty acid


  Fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-car- bon double bonds
• Omega number


  This number specifies the position of the first double bond in a fatty acid chain when numbering from the methyl end of the fatty acid
• Essential fatty acids


  Simple lipid compounds that must be obtained from our diet
• Enantiomer


  Compounds containing at least one chiral center that are nonsuperimposable mirror images