How did methods of law enforcement develop c1000- present?

• anglo saxon law enforcement developed due to role of community, examples:


  • Tithings
  • Hue and cry
  • Oath helpers
  • Each area had a reeve and one man from each hundred and each tithing had to meet him regularly
• anglo saxon law enforcement developed due to role of church, examples:


  • Swearing of oaths
  • Trial by ordeal
• middle ages law enforcement developed due to role of the community, examples:


  • Tithing and witnesses expected to stop suspects
  • Hue and cry
  • Townspeople continued to be expected to apprehend offenders
  • Local ‘tythingmen’ came to be known as constables in later Middle Ages
  • C13 – trial by jury introduced
  • Night watch introduced
• middle ages law enforcement developed due to role of the church, examples:


  • Trial by ordeal continued until 1215
  • Added trial by combat
  • C11 – church courts dealt with moral crimes
• middle ages law enforcement developed due to role of government, examples:


  • 1166 - Henry II reorganised the courts and set up prisons for those awaiting trial – the Assize of Clarendon
  • He also ordered JPs to visit each county twice a year to hear the most serious cases
  • Local sheriffs issued with instructions
  • C12 – Henry II tried to limit power of church courts
  • 1194 - Richard I introduced coroners
  • 1327 - Edward III extended system of keepers of the ‘king’s peace’
  • By 1361 JPs met four times a year to carry out magistrate duties and enforce the law – appointed by the king
• early modern law enforcement developed due to role of community, examples:


  • Witnesses expected to stop suspects
  • Hue and cry
  • Role of town constables expanded
  • Role of night watch expanded
  • Victims used thief takers who were paid a reward for catching criminals
• early modern law enforcement developed due to role of government , examples:


  Continued use of courts and travelling judges, JPs, coroners etc
• industrial law enforcement developed due to role of government , examples:


  • By early C18 some towns had salaried constables and watchmen
  • 1829 – first professional police force established
  • 1856 Police Act
  • 1869 National Crime Records
  • 1878 – CID set up
• industrial law enforcement developed due to role of the community , examples:


  • parish constables
  • night watchmen
• industrial law enforcement developed due to role of individuals , examples:


  • 1748 – Fielding brothers set up Bow Street Runners
  • Robert Peel set up Metropolitan Police
• modern policing developed due to role of government, examples:


  • 999 introduced
  • 1946 – Fraud Squad set up in London
  • 1950s – most police forces have a dog unit
  • 1971 – Metropolitan Police Bomb Squad set up
  • 2013 – National Crime Agency set up
  • Every force has a Special Branch to deal with national security and terrorism
• modern policing developed due to role of technology, examples:


  • 1901 – Fingerprint Bureau set up
  • 1901 – different blood types discovered
  • Improved microscopes and photography
  • 1909 – bicycles introduced for police
  • 1930s – police cars quite common, equipped with two-way radios
  • 1980 – Police National Computer launched
  • 1988 – first conviction based on DNA
• modern policing developed due to role of the community, examples:


  neighbourhood watch