biomed

• What are the components of the cardiovascular system (CVS)?

  The heart, blood vessels, and blood
• What does "left and right" refer to in anatomical position?

  It refers to the patient's perspective
• Which atrium receives oxygenated venous blood?

  The left atrium
• What type of blood do the atria receive?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What type of blood do the ventricles receive from the atria?

  Oxygenated blood
• Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

  The left ventricle
• Which vessel receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

  The pulmonary veins
• What is the journey of blood through the heart?

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
  2. Blood flows to right ventricle
  3. Blood is pumped to lungs via pulmonary artery
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium
  5. Blood flows to left ventricle
  6. Blood is pumped to the body via aorta
• What sound does the heart make when it beats?

  Lub and Dub
• What does 'S1' represent in heart sounds?

  Closing of atrioventricular valves
• What does 'S2' represent in heart sounds?

  Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
• What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

  • Diastole: cardiac muscle relaxation, chambers refill
  • Systole: cardiac muscle contraction, chambers empty
• What is the duration of a single heartbeat?

  Approximately 0.8 seconds
• What maintains the coordinated contraction of cardiac myocytes?

  A wave of electrical impulses
• What is the role of the sinoatrial node?

  It initiates heart contraction
• What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) map?

  • Spread of electrical activity
  • Magnitude and direction
  • Depolarisation and repolarisation
• What do the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent?

  • P wave: Atrial depolarisation
  • QRS complex: Ventricular depolarisation
  • T wave: Ventricular repolarisation
• What is bradycardia?

  Slow heart rate
• What is tachycardia?

  Fast heart rate
• What is atrial fibrillation?

  Irregular heart rhythm
• What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

  • Regulation of temperature
  • Transport of nutrients
  • Distribution of waste products
  • Distribution of water, hormones, and electrolytes
  • Infrastructure for the immune system
• What are the components of the cardiovascular system (CVS)?

  The heart, blood vessels, and blood
• What are the circulatory fluids found in mammals?

  The blood and lymph
• What does "left and right" refer to in anatomical position?

  It refers to the patient's perspective
• What should you label in the heart diagram?

  • Chambers
  • Valves
  • Vessels
• What are the differences between double and single circulatory systems?

  • Double: two circuits, higher efficiency
  • Single: one circuit, lower efficiency
• Which circulatory system is more efficient at transporting gases?

  The double circulatory system
• What are the expected pressure differences between double and single circulatory systems?

  • Double: higher pressure in systemic circulation
  • Single: lower pressure throughout the circuit
• How do the walls of the atria compare to the ventricles?

  Atria walls are thinner than ventricles' walls
• Which atrium receives oxygenated venous blood?

  The left atrium
• What type of blood do the atria receive?

  Deoxygenated blood
• What type of blood do the ventricles receive from the atria?

  Oxygenated blood
• Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

  The left ventricle
• Which vessel receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

  The pulmonary veins
• What is the journey of blood through the heart?

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
  2. Blood fills right atrium, opening tricuspid valve
  3. Blood passes into right ventricle
  4. Right ventricle contracts, closing tricuspid valve
  5. Blood is forced through pulmonary valve to lungs
  6. Oxygenated blood enters left atrium via pulmonary veins
  7. Blood fills left atrium, opening bicuspid valve
  8. Blood enters left ventricle and is pumped into aorta
• What sound does the heart make when it beats?

  Lub and Dub
• What does 'S1' represent in heart sounds?

  Closing of atrioventricular valves
• What does 'S2' represent in heart sounds?

  Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
• What are the intended learning objectives for the cardiovascular system?

  • Describe functions of the CVS
  • Label parts of the heart
  • Explain blood movement in double circulatory system
  • Understand phases of cardiac cycle
  • Label parts of the electrocardiogram
• What happens during diastole?

  Cardiac muscle relaxes and chambers refill