Coasts

• Concordant coast formations - Dalmatian + Haff
• Discordant coast formations - Headlands + bays
• Psammosere - coastal sand environment with xerophytes
• Halosere - saline environment with halophytes
• Recurved spit - wave refraction on the end causes it to curve
• Double spits - longshore drift operates in differnt directions along the bay
• Cuspate forelands - longshore drift in opposite directions means sediment forms at a point
• Tombolo - Wave refraction around 2 islands causes sediment to be deposited and connects them
• Rock falls/talus slopes - wave cut notches means that loose material falls due to cliff no longer being supported
• Block falls - chunks of rocks snap off and slide along glide planes, keeping thier structure
• Rotational slumping - moves along a curved slip plane
• Flow - the cliff acts as a liquid and a lobe of clay is formed at the base
• Isostatic change - local rise or fall in land level
• Eustatic change - a global rise or fall in water level
• Marine regression - coastline emerging
• Marine transgression - coastline submerging
• Emergent coastlines - raised beach + fossil cliff
• Submergent coastlines - Rias, fjords + dalmatian coast
• Raised beaches are formed when sea levels drop below the point where they were at during the last ice age.
• Fossil cliffs are formed by marine erosion that has been halted due to a reduction in sea level.
• Rias are drowned river valleys which have become flooded as sea levels rose.
• Fjords - drowned glacial valleys which have a U shaped cross section
• Mangrove forests in Sri Lanka - 2 people died in areas with them, 6000 died in areas without them
• Bangladesh + subsidence - Their islands have sunk by 1.5m in 50 years
• Storm surges - low pressure upwards pulls sea up, this wave is pushed onshore as a storm surge
• Human factors affecting coastal recession - Dredging + Coastal Management
• Dredging - The process of removing sediment for construction purposes
• Coastal management - Alters natural processes as it can either starve or build a beach up
• Bangladesh facts -

  85m above sea level

  LIC (HDI of 0.661)
• 2007 Cyclone, Bangladesh -

  Bay of Bengal funnelled water

  10,000 deaths

  $17 billion in economic loss

  600,000 Ha of agricultural land destroyed
• 2013 UK North Sea Storm Surge -

  5.8m surge

  100,000 homes lost power

  Scotland’s rail network shut down

  $100 million in cost

  2500 businesses + homes flooded

  Sand dunes destroyed in Norfolk
• Tuvalu + climate change -

  Average 1-2m above sea level
• Local impacts of Tuvalu -

  Bleaching + warmer seas means less fishing

  Water supplies flooded with sea water
• Global impacts of Tuvalu -

  Countries will have to accept the population when it floods

  Educates the world on impacts of C.C
• Management of Tuvalu -

  Plant mangroves

  Homemade sea defences (small island nation)

  Mitigate C.C
• Hold the line - to keep the coastline at the same level as it is now, or to prevent it from eroding
• Advance the line - to move the coastline forward by building up the beach or alternative methods
• Managed retreat - a process where people are relocated from a coastal area to a safer location and the land is strategically flooded
• Geology of the Holderness coast -

  Boulder clay

  Headlands - chalk

  Mainly concordant

  Covered by glacial till
• Glacial till - unconsolidated sediment deposited by glaciers