colonial policy in Egypt and Sudan

• Capitulations: one country relinquishing a subject to another
• Regulations:

  • Protection of Europeans from Islamic laws against Christians
  • Laws in Egypt had to be approved by government of countries that had representatives in Egypt
• The Caisse de la Dette:

  • European alliance
  • Egyptian finances
  • European consultation on Egyptian spending
  • Other countries can veto and make suggestions but Britain still has the most power
• Mixed courts:

  • Mixed legislative courts
  • British/European and Egyptian judges
  • Did not always agree with Britain
  • Christian vs Islamic
• British reforms in Egypt:

  • Economic:
  • Aswan dam (1902), introduced due to flooding of island
  • 6 years of construction and cost £2m
  • Located along River Nile
  • Gained Empire lots of money
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  • Evelyn Baring:
  • Adviser to Khedive (1883-1907)
  • Aim: regulate finances of Egypt
  • Pasha = £70m debt to Europeans
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  • Military:
  • Increases British troops (6000) in Egypt
  • Reduced military expenditure
  • Sent General Kitchner
  • Tourism boomed increasing income and reducing debt
  • Goal: stop Egyptian education to prevent rise in nationalism
• Resistance in Egypt:

  • Growth in nationalism and ethnonationalism
  • Critical of Britain's selective tourism
  • Felt Britain did not help Egypt or help them get out of debt
  • Corruption in government
  • Cultural and historical pride
• Denshawai incident 1906:

  • Issue over pigeon shooting
  • Pigeons bred for food
  • Violence erupted between locals and British officers
  • British officer shot wife of Iman (Muslim prayer leader/Priest)
• Outcome:

  • British officers fled
  • Locals stopped to help and mistaken as an assassin
  • 52 Egyptians trialled and 4 killed
• Impact:

  • Nationalist press cover story
  • British reputation is damaged as it seen as an instigator of violence
  • Anti-British ideas in Britain
  • Rise in Egyptian nationalism
  • Failed attempts by Britain to reduce it
• 1914: Britain declared Egypt as a formal protectorate
• Mahdists have control in Sudan
• Sudan lacks a central government and is impoverished
• There is a lack of unity in Sudan except among those who follow the new Mahdi
• Sudan was important for access to the Suez Canal
• Gladstone and Salisbury were involved in the Sudan Campaign
• Salisbury was concerned about Europe and sought to avenge Gordon and consolidate power
• Forces were sent under Kitchener during the Sudan Campaign
• The Maxim gun was considered important during the Sudan Campaign
• The Battle of Omdurman in 1898 aimed to invade Sudan and resulted in a British victory
• The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was created as a result of the Battle of Omdurman
• The British press covered the events of the Sudan Campaign