Chapter 3

• The four process of life are Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, and Metabolism
• Responsiveness is the ability to respond to changes in environment.
• Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism
• Prokaryotes: No nucleus, No Organelles, DNA in Nucleoid, Simpler and Smaller than Eukaryotes.
• Eukaryotes: Have a true nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles, Larger and more complex than Prokaryotes.
• Glycocalyx: Makes up bacterial capsules which prevents drying out, stick to things, and helps to avoid immune system defenses
• Peptidoglycan: A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
• Gram negative: Thin layer of peptidoglycan and releases lipid A( toxic)
• Gram positive: Thick layer of peptidoglycan and contains teichoic
• Phospholipid bilayer: A double layer of phospholipids that forms the outer layer of the cell membrane
• Intergal Protein: A protein that penetrates entirely through a cells membrane
• Peripheral Proteins: Proteins that are not found in the nucleus or cytoplasm
• Fluid Mosaic Model: The model that describes the structure of the cell membrane.
• Active Transport: The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient. Takes energy(ATP)
• Passive transport: Movement of substances across the plasma membrane without using energy (ATP).
• Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules down their concentration gradients with the aid of carrier proteins.
• Diffusion: Passive process where particles move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
• Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential.
• Electrochemical Gradient: The difference in concentration of electrons between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell.
• Hypotonic: A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell.
• Hypertonic: A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell.
• Archaeal cell membranes can withstand extreme environments.
• Bacterial membranes are made of cytoplasm and a lipid bilayer
• Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
• Cytosol: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm that contains enzymes and other organelles
• Ribosomes: Small structures found floating freely within the cytosol, where proteins are synthesized.
• Nucleoid: An area of DNA located near the bacterial cell's center, which is not surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
• Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers that provide structure and support to the cell.
• Endospore: survival mechanism which protects the DNA from an endangered cell in unfavorable conditions
• The three methods of movement of eukaryotic cells are: Cilla, Flagella and Amoeboid
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
• Centrioles organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system
• Centrosomes plays a role in mitosis, cytokinesis and formation of flagella and cilia
• Nucleus is where genetic material (DNA) is stored
• Nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
• nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope and allow molecules to enter and leave the nucleus
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is an organelle that is involved in detoxification and metabolism
• Golgi Apparatus is responsible for sorting, modifying, packaging, and distributing proteins within cells.
• Vesicles/Vacuoles are fluid filled sacs that store food and waste products.