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Toxic effects
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What are toxic effects?
When a
drug
builds up to
dangerous
levels
What causes toxic effects?
Overdose
or drug
accumulation
from repeated doses
How are toxic effects different from other ADRs?
Toxic effects are
predictable
and
dose-dependent
How do toxic effects compare to other types of ADRs?
Toxic effects:
predictable
, dose-dependent
Allergic reactions:
unpredictable
, not dose-dependent
Side effects: predictable, often dose-dependent
Idiosyncrasy: unpredictable, not dose-dependent
What is a common cause of toxic effects?
Overdose
of a drug
What happens during drug accumulation?
Drugs build up from taking
doses
too frequently
What is the outcome of regularly exceeding the paracetamol dose?
Gradual
liver damage
occurs
What are the main mechanisms of toxic effects?
Cellular damage: Direct injury to cells
Disruption of
cellular
processes: Interfering with essential functions
Formation of toxic metabolites: Conversion into harmful substances
What can happen if someone takes 8 paracetamol tablets at once?
It can cause
liver damage
How does cyanide affect cellular processes?
It blocks
cellular respiration
What happens when methanol is metabolized?
It converts into
formic acid
What are the symptoms of toxic effects?
Bloody diarrhea
Vomiting
Fever
Dehydration
Diarrhea lasting over 3 days
Why are symptoms of toxic effects predictable?
They are based on toxic build-up in the
system
How does experiencing multiple symptoms affect toxicity?
It increases the
likelihood
of
severe
toxicity
What are strategies to prevent toxic effects?
Follow
prescribed
doses
Store
medicines
safely
Review medications regularly
Be aware of interactions
What should you do to follow prescribed doses?
Take the amount your
doctor
tells you
Why is it important to store medicines safely?
To keep them out of reach of
children
and
pets
How can you avoid medication conflicts?
Review your medications regularly with a
doctor
What should you be aware of regarding interactions?
Know which
substances
can interact with
medications
What are the five signs of severe food poisoning shown in the image?
Bloody diarrhea, fever higher than
102°F
, vomiting so often you can't keep liquids down, dehydration, and diarrhea for more than
3 days
What are the five signs of severe food poisoning?
Bloody diarrhea
Fever higher than
102°F
Vomiting so often you can't keep liquids down
Dehydration
Diarrhea for more than
3 days
Why is it important to see a doctor if you have any of these symptoms?
Severe
food poisoning
can lead to serious complications if not treated properly
A doctor can provide appropriate treatment and prevent dehydration,
electrolyte imbalances
, and other issues
Seeking medical attention early is crucial for recovery and preventing the condition from worsening
How can you prevent severe food poisoning?
Practice
good food safety
(proper cooking,
storage
, and
handling
)
Avoid high-risk foods like
raw
or
undercooked
meat
,
eggs
, and
seafood
Wash hands
thoroughly
before
preparing
and eating food
Disinfect
kitchen
surfaces and utensils regularly
What are the potential long-term consequences of severe food poisoning if left untreated?
Dehydration and
electrolyte imbalances
that can lead to organ damage
Chronic digestive issues like
irritable bowel syndrome
Reactive arthritis or other autoimmune conditions
Increased risk of developing
Guillain-Barré syndrome
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