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• China had their own civil service exam in 2200 BCE for those who would work for the imperial government
• Francis Galton in 1896 aimed to classify people "according to their natural gifts", which is considered a precursor to contemporary psychological testing tools
• Wilhelm Wundt aimed to formulate a general description of human abilities and focused on understanding similarities among people
• World War I led to the development of psychological testing
• Alfred Binet, along with Theodore Simon, developed a measuring scale of intelligence in 1905, which later became the Stanford-Binet test of intelligence
• David Wechsler conceptualized intelligence as the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with their environment in 1939
• During World War I, recruits were tested for general adjustment under the disguise of a "personal data sheet"
• Personality tests are usually self-report in nature
• Projective Tests are another type of personality test where an individual projects their unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivations onto an ambiguous stimulus
• Testing is developed in two fields: academic and applied
• Researchers at universities use assessment tools to advance knowledge of human and animal behavior, while most testing is in the applied setting
• Government, business, and corporations use assessment tools to improve their products and services
• Culture is the socially transmitted behavior pattern, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people
• Culture must always be considered in assessments
• Immigrants and people in multicultural countries are susceptible to culture bias
• Issues regarding Culture and Assessment include verbal and non-verbal communication barriers, standard evaluation tests, group membership conflicts, ethnic groups failing in tests, discrimination, and affirmative action to promote equal opportunity in education and employment