Organic Chemistry

• Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that can accept electron pairs from a nucleophile
• Electrophiles can be positively charged ions (cations) or neutral molecules with a partial positive charge (ɗ+) on one of the atoms
• Electrophiles readily accept a pair of electrons from an electron donor (Nucleophile) to form a covalent bond
• An electrophile is a Lewis Acid
• Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that contain a lone pair of electrons
• Nucleophiles can be negatively charged ions (anions) or neutral molecules with a partial negative charge (ɗ-) on one of the atoms
• A nucleophile can donate a pair of electrons to an electron-deficient species (electrophile) to form a dative coordination bond
• A nucleophile is a Lewis Base
• Mechanism for addition of Bromine in CCl4 (non-polar)
• CCl4 is non-polar
• Bromine molecule forms an induced temporary dipole due to electrostatic repulsion
• Bromine molecule approaches the double bond of ethene, forming an induced temporary dipole due to the π electron cloud in ethene
• Br-Br bond breaks and forms a Br- ion, acting as a Nucleophile
• Formation of an electron-deficient 1° carbocation
• Formation of dibromoethane
• Mechanism for addition of Bromine water (aq)
• Formation of E+ due to induced dipole from electrostatic repulsion
• OH- ion forms a dative bond with C+
• Br-Br bond breaks and forms a Br- ion
• Formation of electron-deficient 1° carbocation
• Formation of 2-bromoethanol
• Electrophilic Addition of bromine monochloride (BrCl) to ethene
• Bromine is less electronegative than Chlorine
• Bromine acts as an electrophile and is added first to the alkene
• Markovnikov Rule applies
• Formation of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane
• Electrophilic Addition of Iodine monochloride (ICl) to propene
• Chlorine is more electronegative than iodine
• Iodine acts as an electrophile and is added first to the alkene
• Mechanism for addition of HBr
• Formation of E+ due to permanent dipole
• Heterolytic fission of polar hydrogen bromide molecule
• Formation of electron-deficient carbocation
• Formation of bromoethane
• Reaction between alkenes and water in acidified solution
• Protonation of alkene to form a carbocation
• Addition of water molecule
• Loss of a proton
• Formation of hexan-3-ol
• Classification of carbocations