5.3

• What triggered the need to re-image inner cities in the UK during the late 20th century?

  The decline in manufacturing led to unemployment in industrial cities, creating poor inner-city images, reduced investment, and increased crime between 1975 and 1985.
• What major social unrest occurred in UK cities in the early 1980s and why?

  Riots broke out in 1981 in cities like Liverpool and London due to deprivation and ethnic tensions.
• What were Garden Festivals and Cities of Culture initiatives aiming to achieve?

  They aimed to improve the image of run-down inner cities as part of a re-imaging strategy to attract investment and boost community pride.
• What happened to London’s docks in 1981, and what were the consequences?

  The docks closed, resulting in the loss of 12,000 jobs, 60% unemployment in Docklands, derelict environments, and a population decline of 100,000 between 1971 and 1981.
• Why did container shipping lead to the closure of East London's docks?

  The Thames was too shallow for large container ships, which became essential due to the global shift in manufacturing to Asia.
• What is London Gateway, and how is it different from the original Port of London?

  London Gateway is the UK’s newest port, located 30 km downstream, built to handle the world’s largest container ships.
• What organisation was responsible for the regeneration of London’s Docklands?

  The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was tasked with leading regeneration and attracting private investment.
• What does 'market-led regeneration' mean in the context of the Docklands?

  It means the private sector was left to determine the future of the area, with the government encouraging investment but not directing specific developments.
• What was the flagship project of the Docklands regeneration and what was its purpose?

  Canary Wharf was the flagship project, designed to create a second Central Business District with high-rise offices and attract quaternary sector employment
• How did the LDDC hope the economic growth in Canary Wharf would help nearby communities?

  Through the ‘trickle-down’ effect, where wealth generated by high-income earners would create other job opportunities for local people.
• What evidence suggests not everyone benefited economically from the Docklands regeneration?

  In 2012, 27% of Newham’s working population earned less than £7 per hour, the highest percentage in London.
• What transport improvements supported the Docklands regeneration?

  Major infrastructure projects included the extension of the Jubilee Line, development of the Docklands Light Railway, new road links, and the construction of London City Airport.
• How did the Docklands population change demographically after regeneration began?

  Many older residents moved to the Essex coast and were replaced by a younger population, with Newham’s average age dropping to 31 by 2011.
• What impact did immigration have on East London since 2000?

  Large-scale immigration increased the ethnic diversity of the area, contributing to a more multicultural population
• What was the 'Right to Buy' scheme and how did it affect housing in East London?

  Introduced in the 1980s, it allowed council tenants to buy their homes at a reduced price, leading to a reduction in social housing and a rise in private rentals and housing costs.
• What social problems still exist in Tower Hamlets and Newham despite regeneration efforts?

  High levels of deprivation and poor health persist, especially in remaining social housing areas.
• Why has housing become less affordable in East London post-regeneration?

  Housing sold under the Right to Buy scheme was not replaced with affordable options, so more people spend a greater share of their income on rent.
• What was the life expectancy in Tower Hamlets in 2012, and what does it indicate?

  It was the lowest in London at 77 years, indicating continuing health inequalities despite economic investment in the area.