5.2

• What are the four main employment sectors?

  Primary – producing crops and raw materials. Secondary – manufacturing products. Tertiary – services (e.g. retail, tourism). Quaternary – specialist roles (e.g. finance, law, IT, biotech)
• What is meant by the "old economy"?

  The primary and secondary sectors, which declined from 10 million to 5 million jobs (1980–2015).
• What is the "new economy" or post-industrial economy?

  The growing tertiary and quaternary sectors, with jobs rising from 17 million to 28 million (1980–2015).
• Why did the UK shift away from the old economy in the 1980s?

  Government policy promoted tertiary/quaternary sectors. UK goods were more expensive than imports. Global manufacturing moved to Asia
• What are the typical characteristics of tourism and retail jobs?

  Often seasonal, low paid, and part-time.
• What is the knowledge economy?

  High-paid jobs in finance, law, and IT for well-qualified graduates.
• Why are knowledge economy jobs considered 'footloose'?

  They can locate anywhere due to reliance on connectivity rather than raw materials.
• Why did banks and finance firms move to London’s Docklands?

  Low taxes, good transport links, and fast broadband.
• Why are incomes higher in London and the South East?

  Capital status and concentration of quaternary jobs and government roles
• How does happiness relate to income and location?

  Happiest places are often more affordable, despite lower average incomes.
• How does occupation affect life expectancy?

  Highest occupations: men 82.5, women 85.2;Lowest: men 74, women 78.5 – a 6–8 year difference.
• What did the 2011 Census reveal about income and health?

  30% of low-income earners said their health was ‘not good’, vs 13% of high-income earners.
• How do GCSE and university results vary by region?

  London has the highest (GCSE 25.3%, degrees 40.5%), North East the lowest (GCSE 17.6%, degrees 24.3%)