The Scientific Revolution

• The Reformation also helped in promoting the study of science and philosophy. Scientists and philosophers are no longer concerned about whether or not, their discoveries were in accordance with Christian theology.
• Science was not invented during the Scientific Revolution. It was already used by the Greeks who called it "Scientia" which means "knowledge".
• The Scientific Revolution is an era from 1628-1789 when people began their interest in studying various fields of knowledge. 
• These fields of knowledge are:

  1. Astronomy
  2. Physics
  3. Natural Sciences
  4. Philosophy
  5. Economics
  6. Sociology
  7. Anthropology
• It was characterized by new methods of scientific investigation such as experimentation, observation, and hypothesis testing.
• During this time period, there was a great increase in scientific research and experimentation that led to new ideas and theories. This resulted in significant advancements in technology and medicine.
• The Scientific Revolution was characterized by the development of modern science as we know it today. It marked a shift away from traditional ways of thinking and towards empirical evidence and rationality.
• • Johannes Kepler proposed that the orbits of the planets were regular ellipses, not irregular circles, and proved that the planets orbited the sun at different speeds
• Astronomy:

  • Claudius Ptolemy propagated the Geocentric Theory, stating that Earth is the center of the universe
  • Nicolaus Copernicus propagated the Heliocentric Theory, stating that the Sun is the center of the universe
  • Galileo Galilei improved the telescope for astronomy and was the first to use it for this purpose
  • Tycho Brahe catalogued more than 1,000 stars and believed that a comet is a representation of change in space
• Physics:

  • Isaac Newton proposed Calculus and the Three Laws of Motion, stating that any object would remain still unless a force causes it to move, and any object in motion would continue to move unless a force causes it to stop
• Natural Science:

  • Andreas Vesalius, also known as the "Body Snatcher," made accurate drawings through dissection and observation, and wrote the book "de humani corporis fabrica"
  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch Naturalist, discovered the world of single-celled organisms through a microscope
• • Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote "Emile" and "The Social Contract," believing that man learns more through experience
• Philosophy:

  • Baron de Montesquieu wrote "The Spirit of the Laws," emphasizing the check and balance of the Three Branches of the Government
  • Rene Descartes coined "I think, Therefore, I am," urging man to think and prove his own existence
  • Baruch Spinoza propagated "Pantheism," stating that "All is God and God is All"
  • Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire) criticized the inadequacy of optimistic thinking
  • Wilhelm Von Leibnitz believed that "God is the necessary being" which constitutes the sufficient explanation of the universe
• Economics:

  • Francois Quesnay published "Tableau économique," believing that the wealth of a nation is based on the value of "land agriculture" or "land development"
  • Adam Smith wrote "Wealth of Nations," believing in the "Laissez Faire" policy
• Anthropology:

  • Franz Boas is known as the Father of Modern Anthropology, studying man in the past and the cultural evolution of man with the help of Archaeology
• Sociology:

  • Auguste Comte is known as the Father of Sociology, studying man in the present and man's relationship with his fellowmen