Attachment

• What is Schaffer's definition of attachment?


  An emotional relationship between two persons characterised by mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity.
• What characterizes Schaffer's definition of attachment?

  Mutual affection and desire for proximity
• What are Macony's four behaviors that characterize attachment?

  • Seeking proximity
  • Separation anxiety
  • Pleasure when reunited
  • General alertness of behavior towards the caregiver
• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Two-way communication with active contributions
• What did Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study?

  Infants imitating facial expressions
• How did Meltzoff and Moore conduct their study?

  By videotaping infants watching adult expressions
• What was the result of Meltzoff and Moore's study?

  Infants could imitate expressions as young as 2 weeks
• What is international synchrony in attachment?

  Caregiver and infant respond in time to communicate
• What did Isabela's study find about secure attachments?

  Secure attachments involve well-timed reciprocal interactions
• What was observed in Tronick's still face experiment?

  Babies became agitated when mothers did not react
• What did Hardy (1999) suggest about fathers?

  Fathers are less able to detect infant distress
• What does Field (1978) suggest about fathers' attachments?

  Fathers can form close, nurturing attachments
• What percentage of mothers were first attachments in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  65%
• What percentage of fathers were first attachments in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  3%
• What did Grassman (2002) find about mother-child attachment?

  Quality of attachment affects future relationships
• What did Taylor (2001) find about boys living with biological fathers?

  They were less likely to have a criminal record
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  1. Asocial (0-6 weeks): Attention-seeking behavior not directed at anyone.
  2. Indiscriminate (6 weeks-7 months): Seeks attention from anyone, prefers familiar faces.
  3. Specific (7-10 months): Attached to primary caregiver, distressed when separated.
  4. Multiple (10 months onwards): Forms attachments with other adults.
• What did Harlow's study on attachment involve?

  Infants separated from mothers and surrogate mothers
• What did Harlow find about contact comfort?

  It reduced anxiety in infants
• What is imprinting according to Lorenz's geese experiment?

  Attachment formed within a critical period after birth
• What is the significance of imprinting?

  It acts as a template for adult relationships
• What are the key findings from animal studies of attachment?

  • Harlow's study: Contact comfort reduces anxiety.
  • Lorenz's study: Imprinting occurs within a critical period.
  • Attachment serves as a template for future relationships.