Methods + types of practice

• whole part whole practice involved the performer firstly attempting the whole skill, then practising the skill in parts or sub-routines, and then putting them back together
• whole part whole practice is suited to serial or low organisation skills when sun routines have district feature
• whole practice is taught without breaking down sun-routines.
• whole practice is best for skills that are rapid or ballistic e.g. golf swing
• part practice is taught in parts or broken down into sun-routines
• progressive part practice is referred to as chaining where it is split into sub-routines, practiced serperate, then slowly added back together
• Advantages of whole practice:

  • wastes no time
  • useful for quick discrete skills
  • easily understood
• Disadvantages of whole practice:

  • may be overwhelming
  • ineffective with complex skills
  • could decrease confidence
• Advantages of part practice:

  • helps with serial skills
  • reduced demand
  • provides stages of success
• Disadvantages of part practice:

  • loss of continuity
  • can be time consuming
  • can be demotivating
• Advantages of whole part whole practice:

  • can highlight important parts of the skill
  • gives a sense of the whole skill
  • allows kinaesthetic ”feel”
• Disadvantages of whole part whole practice:

  • time consuming
  • not useful for highly organised skills
  • loss of fluidity
• Advantages of progressive part practice:

  • shows progression
  • confidence building
  • helps with dangerous skills
• Disadvantages of progressive part practice:

  • time consuming
  • may effect fluidity of skill
  • not effective for high organisational skills
• Types of practice:

  • massed practice
  • distributed practice
  • fixed practice
  • varied practice
• massed practice: repeating a skill without rest
• Advantages if massed practice:

  • not time consuming
  • can over learn and perfect a skill
• Disadvantages of massed practice:

  • tiring
  • could be repeating incorrect technique
  • not for continuous skills
• distributed practice: involved periods of rest (opposite to massed)
• advantages of distributed practice:

  • good for strenuous skills
  • allows for feedback
  • allowing full rest minimises risk of injury
  • allows replenishment of energy
• disadvantages of distributed practice:

  • demotivating
  • time consuming
• Fixed practice: completing the skill using the same technique every time
• advantages of fixed practice:

  • good for closed skills
  • good for perfecting technique
• disadvantages of fixed practice:

  • not good for open skills
  • boring for beginners
• varied practice: variables change to stimulate the environment of an actual game
• advantages of varied practice:

  • open skills
  • stimulated real game feelings
• disadvantages of varied practice:

  • tiring
  • time consuming
  • could cause more mistakes
• Thorndike’s laws:

  • law of exercise
  • law of effect
  • law of readiness
• law of exercise: reheasing the S-R bond helps strengthen them and reinforce the correct skill
• law of effect: if skill is followed by a pleasant reaction, then the S-R bond is further strengthened. if the following is negative, then the S-R bond is weakened
• law of readiness: the athlete must be both mentally and physically capable of performing the skill efficiently
• intervening variables: mental process occurring between the stimulus being recieved and the response
• insight learning: problem solving involving memory, previous experiences are used to help solve new problems
• cognitive learning theory 


  WIPPI
• WIPPI…

  W - whole learning: best to present the whole problem as it is more efficient
• WIPPI…

  I - intervening variables: enhanced by mental processes that occur between receiving a stimulus and making a response e.g. mental rehearsal
• WIPPI…

  P - perception: the learner must perceive what is required to solve the problem
• WIPPI…

  P - past experiences: previous experiences or schemas can be adapted and transferred to help with the solution of a current problem
• WIPPI…

  I - insight: suing their knowledge and intuition