Memory

• Who gave four different lists of words to participants and asked them to recall them immediately and after 20 minutes?

  Baddeley
• Which words did Baddeley find were recalled the worst immediately from STM?

  Acoustically similar
• Which words did Baddeley find were recalled the worst after 20 minutes from LTM?

  Semantically similar
• Strength of Baddeley’s research on coding?

  Demonstrates a clear difference
• Weakness of Baddeley‘s research on coding?

  Artificial stimuli
• Who investigated capacity by measuring digit span by reading out digits and asking the participant to repeat, adding one digit each time until they can’t recall the sequence?

  Jacobs
• What did Jacobs find was the mean digit span for items?

  9.3
• What did Jacobs find was the mean digit span for letters?

  7.3
• What is a strength of Jacob‘s research?

  Replicated by Bopp and Verhaegen
• What is a limitation of Jacobs research?

  Confounding variables like being distracted
• Who investigated capacity by making observations of everyday practice?

  Miller
• What did Miller find things come in (STM capacity)?

  7+-2
• What did Miller call grouping sets of digits or letters into units?

  Chunking
• What did Cowan find the capacity of STM was, refuting Miller’s research?

  4+-1 chunks
• Who investigated duration by giving participants a consonant syllable and a 3 digit number and told them to count back from the number?

  Peterson and Peterson
• What did Peterson and Peterson find the recall was when asked to stop counting after 3 seconds?

  80%
• What did Peterson and Peterson find the duration was when asked to stop after 18 seconds (duration of STM)?

  3%
• What is a limitation of Peterson and Peterson?

  Artificial stimuli
• Who investigated duration by testing participants photo recognition and free recall of their high school yearbooks?


  Bahrick et al
• What did Bahrick et al find was the accuracy rate for photo recognition after 15 years of graduation?

  90%
• What did Bahrick et al find was the accuracy rate for photo recognition after 48 years of graduation?

  70%
• What did Bahrick et al find was the accuracy rate for free recall after 15 years of graduation?

  60%
• What did Bahrick et al find was the accuracy rate for free recall after 48 years of graduation?

  30%
• What did Bahrick et al conclude the duration of LTM was?

  Unlimited
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al?

  Meaningful material
• Who made the idea of the multi-store model?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• Which memory store processes all stimuli from the environment?

  Sensory register
• What is the coding of each sensory memory store?

  Modality-specific
• What is the duration of the sensory register?

  Less than half a second
• What is the capacity of the sensory register?

  Very high
• Who investgated iconic sensory register by showing participants a grid of letters for 50 milliseconds and asking them to write down 12 items or playing a tone which correlated to a specific row they had to recall?

  Sperling
• What did Sperling find was the recall when participants had to write down the whole thing?

  42%
• What did Sperling find was the recall when asked to give one row only?

  75%
• How is short term memory coded?

  Acoustically
• What is the capacity of short term memory?

  18 seconds
• What is the capacity of short term memory?

  7+-2 items
• What is it called when we repeat information to ourselves?

  Maintenance rehearsal
• What passes information from short term to long term memory?

  Maintenance rehearsal
• How is information passed from the sensory register to short term memory?

  Attention
• What is the duration of long term memory?

  Unlimited