GEN BIO 1-2

• Scientists involved in the development of the cell theory:

  • Robert Hooke
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann
  • Rudolf Virchow
• Robert Hooke said that all plants have cells
• Schwann's theory states that animals and all organisms are made up of cells
• Characteristics of a cell:

  • Cells are bound by a plasma membrane and contain cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes
  • Cells perform functions like synthesizing proteins and passing on genetic material
  • Cells replicate themselves
  • There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
• History of cells:

  • Zacharias Janssen invented the first primitive microscope in 1590
  • Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665 by observing thin slices of bottle cork
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the first observations of bacteria and protozoa in 1668
  • Louis Pasteur performed the swan neck flask experiment in 1668 to prove biogenesis
• Matthias Schleiden stated that plants are made up of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life in 1838
• Rudolf Virchow stated that cells come from pre-existing cells in 1855
• What is the other term for the swan neck flask experiment, whose purpose is to prove biogenesis?

  Pasteurization.
• what does “omnis cellula e cellula” mean?

  every cell stems from another cell
• The plasma membrane consists of phospholipids, cholesterols, proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates.
• Cholesterol - A lipid molecule found in animal cell membranes that helps maintain fluidity at low temperatures.
• The plasma membrane is known as the "guardian of the cell" and is selectively permeable due to its nature being hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
• Electron transport chain is also called oxidative phosphorylation because it uses oxygen to produce energy through electron transfer reactions. It takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
• Protein channels function as a pathway for molecules in the plasma membrane.
• The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called______

  cytoplasm
• Cilia and flagella are used by cells to move around or propel themselves through their environment.
• The_____consist of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

  cytoskeleton
• It is a rigid structure that surrounds most prokaryotic cells, including archaea and bacteria.

  cell wall
• The endomembrane system consists of what organelles?

  endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi bodies, and many vesicles.
• The endomembrane system is only present in what kind of cells?

  Eukaryotic cells.
• These are products made in the endoplasmic reticulum, which are PACKAGED & SORTED into new vesicles and carried to the plasma membrane or lysosomes.

  golgi bodies
• It is the digestive system of the cell as it ingests cells and breaks down wastes.

  lysosome
• Its primary function is to destroy non-functional portions of the cytoplasm.

  lysosomes
• This organelle contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell and oxidative enzymes for metabolic activity.

  Peroxisomes
• A versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, such as proteins and poisons, that protect against plant-eating animals.

  vacuole
• It converts the chemical energy of foods that produce most of the cell’s ATP in the process of cellular respiration

  mitochondria
• An organelle unique to plants and algae cells that aid in performing photosynthesis

  chloroplast
• These structures are for them to be able to receive or transmit signals from the brain to the rest of the body.

  root hairs
• The mesophyll layer is the primary site of photosynthesis in the leaves of a plant.

  mesophyll cells
• A type of cell that does not have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles within its cytoplasm.

  prokaryotic cell
• Protists, fungi, plants, and animals are examples of this type of cell.

  eukaryotic cell
• One of the distinct features of a prokaryotic cell is having a____.

  flagellum
• Where do prokaryotic cells initiate their DNA replication?

  single site
• They are responsible for adhering cells to other cells or to the extracellular matrix.

  cell junctions
• Gametes or sex cells are considered specialized cells because of their distinct structures that help them carry out their specific functions.

  egg cell and sperm cell
• What is produced in oogenesis?

  egg cell
• Sex cells or gametes undergo what kind of cell division?

  Meiosis
• Somatic cells undergo what kind of cell division?


  Mitosis
• It is a programmed cell death, wherein the cells self destruct if the errors found during the checkpoint is serious or cannot be fixed.

  apoptosis
• In the process of DNA replication, cytosine is paired with____.

  guanine