RESRCH180

• Informed consent letter - an essential parts of all research endeavor that involve human participants.
• Key elements of informed consent

  study objectives, procedures, risk, duration, benefits, confidentiality of records, and contact information.
• Inclusion criteria - identify the participants in the study in a consistent manner.
• Interview protocol - set of questions and procedural guide for directing a new qualitative researcher through the interview.
• Preliminary pages

  1. Cover page - in the title of the qualitative research and researchers' names.
  2. Abstract - 150-250 words; summarizes the entirety of the paper while containing the main problem, variables, methods, basic findings, conclusions, or implication. TWO SPACES BELOW.
  3. Table of contents - includes all parts of the manuscript, including the subsection of chapters and their corresponding pages.
• Preliminary pages

  1. Acknowledgement page - a brief, one-page acknowledgement page is recommended.
  2. List of tables - on a page by itself and arranged in general format like the table of contents.
  3. List of figures - includes graphs, maps, photographs, and other illustration. It is arranged as the list of table and in a page by itself.
• Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

  1. Introduction - two page; begins the chapter. 4 spaces below the heading and written in first level heading.
  2. Statement of the problem - second level heading; general problem is presented as a paragraph and followed by specific problems.
  3. Theoretical background and review of related literature - Existing theories surrounding the study.
• 4. Scope and limitations - involves the coverage and boundaries of the study. 4 spaces bellow schematic diagram of the RRL.

  5. Significance of the study - presents detailed information of the importance of the study.

  6. Definition of terms - conceptual and operational definition of key terms in the study are presented here.
• CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY (FIRST LEVEL HEADING)

  1. Research design - This section should explain the design used in the study, and justify its use and appropriateness for the study.
  2. Research Locale - refers to a specified area and subject being studied by the researchers.
  3. Participant - describe the individuals of the study.
  4. Sampling or Inclusion Criteria - identify and justify the type of sampling strategy.
• CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION (FIRST LEVEL) - summarizes collected data and presents all relevant results of the data explication
• CHAPTER 2

  5. Ethical procedure or informed consent - ethics which embodies the highest ideals of professional conduct.

  6. Instrument or interview protocol - structure of the instrument and the nature of questions.

  7. Trustworthiness - the credibility and validity of the data in qualitative research.

  8. Data collection - describes the execution of the study in a detailed and chronological fashion.

  9. Data explication - is almost like data analysis in quantitative research. However, explication is used to imply investigation of elements of a phenomenon
• CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  Conclusion - include statements of generalization made by the researchers based on the results of the study.

  Recommendation - presents what researchers think should be done by or to the individuals based on the conclusion of the study.
• RESEARCH FINAL PAGES

  References - arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first authors of the source material.
• Schematic diagram - an illustration that effectively shows the relationship between research variables using appropriate symbols
• Trustworthiness - represents validity and credibility of data in qualitative research
• Credibility - is the confidence placed on the truth of findings. Only participants can judge the credibility of the results.
• Transferability -the degree to which the results are transferred to another context with other respondents. Those who wishes to transfer the results are responsible for how sensible the transfer is.
• Confirmability - the degree to which the findings can be confirmed by other researchers.
• Dependability - the stability of findings over time.
• Strategies of trustworthiness

  Member check - all transcripts of the interview should be sent to participants for feedback.

  Audit trail - transparent description of the steps of research from the start of the research project to the reporting of findings.
• Prolonged engagement - participants are encouraged to provide examples to their statement. Researchers should ask follow-up questions and study the information from the raw interview until a theme emerges that can support the scope of the study.

  Thick description - describes not only the participant's behavior and experience, but also their background

  Field notes - means of documenting contextual information.
• Triangulation - one of the ways to ensure trustworthiness. Using data sources and methods of data collection.
• Triangulation of data - using different data sources in time and person.

  time - gathering data in different times in a day or year.

  person - gathering data from different types of people
• Triangulation of methods - using different methods in data collection.
• RESEARCH FINAL PAGES

  Appendices (1st level heading) includes all documents essential to the validity of the study
• SAMPLING

  • Refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data

  for a research study.
• The chosen ones constitute the sample through which you will derive facts and evidence to support the claims

  or conclusions propounded by your research problem.
• The bigger group from where you choose the sample is called population
• Sampling frame is the term used

  to mean the list of the members of such population from where you will get the sample
• Probability sampling involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by

  your study.
• Non-probability sampling disregards random selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen based on their availability or

  the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher
• Quota Sampling - You resort to this when you think you know the characteristics of the target population very well. In

  this case, you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target

  population.
• Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

  This type of sampling involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the

  purposes of the research
• Availability or Convenience Sampling

  Participants are selected from the population only because they are conveniently available to the researcher
• Voluntary Sampling

  Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the ones volunteering to constitute the

  sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process
• Snowball Sampling

  Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly.

  This technique helps researchers find a sample when they are difficult to locate.
• In research, an interview is a data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subjects or respondents

  questions to give answers to what your research study is trying to look for
• Structured Interview- It requires the use of an interview schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and only

  item from a set of alternative responses.
• Unstructured Interview- Respondents answer the questions based on what they personally think and feel about it.
• Semi-Structured Interview- The researcher prepares a schedule or list of questions that is accompanied by a list of

  expressions from where the respondents can pick out the correct answer.