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Paper 1
Oil and gas in Alaska
Pipeline
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Cards (130)
What year did the oil shortage gas crisis occur?
1973
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What was the risky solution to the oil shortage?
A
pipeline
across
800 miles
of wilderness
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What temperature is described as seventy-five degrees below zero?
Arctic Circle
temperature
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How quickly can exposed flesh freeze in extreme cold?
In
ten
minutes
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What happened to the explorer's fingers in extreme cold?
They froze solid in
90 seconds
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What did oil companies do in the harsh Arctic conditions?
They explored for oil
despite
risks
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Which two oil companies discovered the largest oil field in North America?
Humble Oil
and
Atlantic Richfield
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Where is the largest oil field located?
Prudhoe Bay
,
Alaska
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How many barrels of oil were discovered in Prudhoe Bay?
Close to
10 billion
barrels
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What is the total amount of fuel from the discovered oil?
Over
420 billion
gallons
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What is the area around Prudhoe Bay known as?
Alaska's North Slope
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How far is the nearest human contact from Prudhoe Bay?
500 miles
away
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What event marked the first public demonstration of environmental concern?
Earth Day
rally
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What was the public's reaction to environmental issues in the 1960s?
They began to express
concern
and rally
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What organization began to take shape in response to environmental concerns?
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
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What was the proposed length of the oil pipeline?
800
miles long
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What diameter was the pipeline planned to be?
48
inches in diameter
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What was the estimated cost of the pipeline construction?
Over
9 billion
dollars
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What legal act set standards for environmental projects?
National Environmental Protection Act
(
NEPA
)
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How did the public's opinion affect the oil companies' plans?
It led to increased opposition and lawsuits
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What halted the pipeline construction in April 1970?
Congress
and the
courts
intervened
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What was Alaska's historical significance in the fur trade?
It was a base for the
booming
fur trade
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What was the price paid by the U.S. for Alaska?
Seven million dollars
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How much land did the purchase of Alaska cost per acre?
Two cents
an acre
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What was the public perception of the Alaska purchase at the time?
It was labeled as
Seward's folly
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What economic benefits did Alaska provide after its purchase?
Whaling, timber, and
gold rush
profits
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How much gold was extracted from Alaska by 1898?
More than
300 million
dollars
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What was the return on investment for Alaska by 1959?
Fifty billion dollars
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How did Edwin Drake contribute to the oil industry?
He drilled the
first modern oil well
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What was the primary lighting source before oil?
Whale oil
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What technique did Drake use to drill for oil?
Water drilling
technique
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What was the significance of Titusville, Pennsylvania?
It was where
oil
freely floated up
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What did the local Seneca Indians use oil for?
Medicinal
purposes
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What happened just as oil began flowing from Drake's well?
He received a letter to close
operations
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How did the oil industry change after Drake's discovery?
Pipelines
became the most efficient delivery method
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What percentage of America's oil was transported by pipelines by 1880?
More than
75%
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What was the purpose of the Big Inch pipeline?
To deliver fuel to
warships
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How did the automobile industry affect oil consumption?
It
significantly
increased
oil demand
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How many cars were in use in the U.S. by the post-World War II years?
90 million
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What did the Federal Highway Act accomplish?
Linked
America
with modern roads
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