SCI&TECH 1 (PRELIM)

• Three-age system — a system of classifying ancient ages into groups based on tool developmental stages.
• Scientific revolution — period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to essential changes in scientific investigations.
• Industrial revolution — period of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced human and animal forces.
• Information age — or digital age; the period characterized by the change from traditional industry to an economy that is founded on computerization of information.
• The three-age system was introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen.
• Three chronologically successive prehistorical periods:

  1. Stone Age
  2. Bronze Age
  3. Iron Age
• Universal Model (by Nicholas Copernicus) describes the sun as the center of the universe, and that the earth and other planets revolve around it in circles. This also suggest that the distance from the sun determines the arrangement of planets and stars: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Stars.
• Important contributions during the scientific revolution:

  1. Universal Model
  2. Law of Planetary Motion
  3. Work of Motion
  4. Law of Motion
  5. Law of Universal Gravitation
• The Law of Planetary Motion (by Johannes Kepler) states that all planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits; and that closer planets to the sun move faster than the others.
• The Work of Motion (by Galileo Galilei) involves the discovery of the relations among distance, velocity, acceleration and the law of inertia
• The first law of motion (inertia) by Isaac Newton states that an object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object will remain moving with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• The second law of motion (acceleration) by Isaac Newton states that acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.
• The third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and an opposite reaction.
• The Law of Universal Gravitation by Isaac Newton states that a particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers.
• Stone Age is the period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other materials aside from metals. It was further subdivided into Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods.
• The Palaeolithic ("old stone") period is known to be the longest phase of human history which began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
• It was during the Palaeolithic period when humans were suggested to evolve from an ape-like creature to a true Homo sapiens. They were hunter-gatherers who used to hunt wild animals and harvest wild plants for survival.
• The Upper Palaeolithic period was known for communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting, and making personal ornaments out of bones, horns and ivory.
• The Middle Palaeolithic period encompassed the cultural development involving another early human ancestor, the Neanderthal man, who existed 40,000-100,000 years ago.
• During the Middle Ages, the Feudal system was fully developed in Europe and had defined its economic history.
• Neolithic (“New Stone”) Period

  This stage of cultural and technological development was based primarily on agriculture.
• Bronze Age started when tools and weapons were already widely made with copper or bronze.
• Smelting is a process of metal extraction from ore and melting and pouring it into a mold for shaping.
• Iron age, as the name implies, included those articles made of iron. This began when smelting pits made sufficient advancement to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore.
• Barangay — a geographically distributed, self-sufficient autonomous community.
• Colonization — the occupation by a nation of an area from which it was formerly absent.
• Reduccion system — a strategy of grouping far-flung, scattered barangays into fewer but larger and more compact towns.
• Filipinos made use of boats for coastal trade like the caracoa, a refined plank-built warship best suited for inter-island trade raids
• Revolution — a wide-reaching change in the way something works, organized or change in people’s ideas about it.
• Natural selection — process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in genetic constitution. 
• Personality — combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. 
• The Scientific Revolution explored the natural world and advanced understanding. The Industrial Revolution was the advancement of machinery to do more, do it faster, and do more complicated things.
• Civilization — complex human society in which people live in groups of settled dwellings.
• Artificial intelligence — intelligent behavior by machines rather than the natural intelligence of humans and other animals.
• Behavior — range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals.
• Intellectual Revolution is the term used to Greek speculation about nature in the period before Socrates.
• Intellectual Revolution is also known as the “Pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy.”
• Three intellectual revolutions: 

  1. Copernican
  2. Darwinian 
  3. Freudian 
• Nicholas Copernicus was a mathematician and an astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the universe and the earth revolved around it.
• Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis and one of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers.