the collision frequency of reacting particles; the more collisions the faster the reaction is
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy that particles need in order to react
rate of reaction depend on 4 things
temperature; concentration; surface area; presence of a catalyst
catalyst
a substance that speeds up a reaction
mean rate of reaction
rate of reaction = amount of reactant used or amount of product formed / time
measure rate of reaction: precipitation and colour change
the product is precipitate which clouds the solution. You can observe a mark through the solution and measure how long it takes for it disappear
measure rate of reaction: change in mass
measuring the speed of a reaction that produces a gas can be carried out using a mass balance; as gas is released, the mass disappearing is measured on the balance. the quicker the reading drops, the faster the reaction
measure rate of reaction: volume of gas given off
involves the use of a gas syringe; the more gas given off during a given time interval, the faster the reaction
Magnesium and HClreact to produceH2gas
start by adding a setvolume of dilute hydrochloric acid to a conical flask and carefully place on a mass balance; add magnesium ribbon to the acid and plug the flask with cotton wool; start the stopwatch and record the mass on the balance; take reading of the mass at regularintervals; plot it on a graph and repeat with different concentrated solutions
sodium thiosulfate and HCl produce a cloudy precipitate
start by adding a set volume of dilute thiosulfate to a conical flask; place the flask on paper with a black cross drawn on it; add some dilute HCl to the flask and start the stopwatch; the cross will disappear through the cloudy sulphur; plot the timing and repeat with either reactant at different concentrations
mean rate from a graph
change in y/ change in x
reversible reactions will reach equilibrium
at equilibrium both reactions are still happening but there's no overall effect. Equilibrium is only reached if the reversible reaction takes place in a closed system. A closed system means that none of the reactants and products can escape and nothing can get in
position of equilibrium
if the equilibrium lies to the right, the concentration of products is greater than the reactant's. if the equilibrium lies to the left, the concentration of reactants is greater than the product's
position of equilibrium depend on:
temperature; pressure (only affects equilibria involving gases); concentration of reactants and products
Le Chatelier's principle
the idea that if you change the conditions of a reversible reaction at equilibrium, the system will try to counteract the change