lab practical #1

• superior = cranial = cephalic : above; towards the head or upper part of a structure

  ex: the skull is superior to the breastbone (sternum)
• medial = internal : nearer to the midline, middle line of body
• lateral = external : away from the midline, side of body
• proximal : nearer to; is a limb nearer to the point of attachment

  ex: elbow is proximal to the wrist
• ventral = anterior : front side of the body (ex: sternum is ventral to the heart) aka anterior
• dorsal = posterior : backside of the body (ex: spine is dorsal to sternum) aka posterior
• distal : far end of a limb (ex: ankle is distal to the thigh)
• inferior = caudal = caudate : below; toward lower part of a structure (ex: stomach is inferior to lungs)
• superficial = external : toward or on the surface of the body

  ex : the skin is superficial to bone
• deep = internal : away from the surface of the body

  ex : bone is deep to the skin
• ipsilateral : on the same side of the body as another structure
• contralateral : on the opposite side of the body, opposite to the other side of a structure
• sagittal plane : vertical, divides the body into left and right
• mid-sagittal plane = median sagittal plane : sagittal plane directly down the midline (equal parts)
• paradagittal plane : sagittal plane offset from the midline (unequal parts)
• frontal plane = coronal plane : vertical, divides body into anterior and posterior portions
• transverse plane = cross section = horizontal plane : horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior portions
• oblique plane : passes through the body on an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane
• body cavities : spaces within the body that house, protect, and separate internal organs
• cranial cavity : encases the brain
• Thoracic Cavity : formed by the ribs, muscles of the cheat, the breastbone and chest portion of the spine. Houses the heart and lungs (plus esophagus, trachea, etc.) Separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.
• Thoracic cavity is divided into pericardial cavity, 2 pleural cavities, mediastinum
• pericardial cavity : surrounds the heart
• 2 pleural cavities : surround each lung
• mediastinum : cavity between the lungs that contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels)
• absominopelvic cavity : extends from the diaphragm to the ground and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis. The two cavities, abdominal; and pelvic, are NOT separated by a membrane or wall.
• The abdominal cavity contains most of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder
• The pelvic cavity contains portions of the large, intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs
• retroperitoneal : certain organs are considered retroperitoneal, meaning they are external to the lining of the abdominal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity. two of the organs are the kidneys and pancreas
• integumentary system

  organs : epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails

  function : protecting body from bacteria, infection, injury, and sunlight
• skeletal system

  organs : skull, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis, bone, auditory ossicles, hydroid, pectoral girdle, and upper limb

  function : protects and supports body organs and provides a framework muscles use to cause movement. forms blood cells and stores minerals
• muscle system

  organs : skeletal muscles

  functions : pumping blood and supporting movement to lifting heavy weights to giving birth
• central nervous system

  organs : brain, spinal cord, nerves

  function : receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information (emotions, pain, sensations, etc.)
• endocrine system

  organs: hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid, ovaries, tested, gonads, thymus, kidneys, adipose tissue, liver, endocrine glands, hormones

  function: release hormones into the blood stream
• lymphatic system

  organs : bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

  function : returns fluid leaked from blood vessels to blood; disposes of debris; houses white blood cells; carries out immune responses
• cardiovascular system

  organs : heart, blood, and blood vessels (veins and arteries)

  function : provide adequate circulation of blood through the body
• respiratory tract

  organs : lungs and air passageways, including the oral cavity pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

  function : move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases
• digestive system

  organs : large intestine, stomach, esophagus, mouth, tongue, teeth, small intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, saliva, liver, rectum

  function : breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood and are distributed to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
• urinary tract system

  organs : kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder; and urethra

  function : filter blood and create thin as a waste by-product
• reproductive system

  organs : ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, prostate, testes, and penis. function : production of offspring. structure of both sexes produce hormones; male structures produce and deliver sperm; female structures produce eggs and serve as sites for fertilization and development